problendoПроблемы ЭндокринологииProblems of Endocrinology0375-96602308-1430Endocrinology Research Centre10.14341/probl12750problendo-12750Research ArticleКлиническая эндокринологияClinical endocrinologyКлинические рекомендации «Заболевания и состояния, связанные с дефицитом йода»Clinical practice guidelines “Management of iodine deficiency disorders”https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8580-2421АбдулхабироваФ. М.AbdulkhabirovaF. M.

Абдулхабирова Фатима Магомедовна - кандидат медицинских наук.

117036, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11.

eLibrary: SPIN 2462-1115

Fatima М. Abdulkhabirova - MD, PhD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary: SPIN 2462-1115

a-fatima@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9621-5732БезлепкинаО. Б.BezlepkinaO. B.

Безлепкина Ольга Борисовна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор.

117036, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11.

eLibrary SPIN: 3884-0945

Olga B. Bezlepkina - MD, PhD, Professor.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 3884-0945

Olgabezlepkina@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-6510БровинД. Н.BrovinD. N.

Бровин Дмитрий Николаевич - кандидат медицинских наук.

117036, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11.

eLibrary SPIN: 2518-9054

Dmitry N. Brovin - MD, PhD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 2518-9054

brovin-dn@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3876-6354ВадинаТ. A.VadinaT. A.

Вадина Татьяна Алексеевна - кандидат медицинских наук.

117036, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11.

eLibrary SPIN: 8006-9139

Tatiana A. Vadina - MD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 8006-9139

klimenkopediatr@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5634-7877МельниченкоГ. А.MelnichenkoG. A.

Мельниченко Галина Афанасьевна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН.

117036, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11.

eLibrary SPIN: 8615-0038

Galina A. Melnichenko - MD, PhD, Professor, academician of RAS.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 8615-0038

teofrast2000@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6429-7198НагаеваЕ. В.NagaevaE. V.

Нагаева Елена Витальевна - кандидат медицинских наук.

117036, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11.

eLibrary SPIN: 4878-7810

Elena V. Nagaeva - MD, PhD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 4878-7810

nagaeva_ev@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1120-8240НиканкинаЛ. В.NikankinaL. V.

Никанкина Лариса Вячеславовна - кандидат медицинских наук.

117036, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11.

eLibrary SPIN: 2794-0008

Larisa V. Nikankina - PhD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 2794-0008

larisa.nikankina@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5507-4627ПетерковаВ. А.PeterkovaV. A.

Петеркова Валентина Александровна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН.

117036, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11.

eLibrary SPIN: 4009-2463

Valentina A. Peterkova - MD, PhD, Professor.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 4009-2463

peterkovava@hotmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6388-1544ПлатоноваН. М.PlatonovaN. M.

Платонова Надежда Михайловна - доктор медицинских наук.

117036, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11.

eLibrary SPIN: 4053-3033

Nadezhda M. Platonova - MD, ScD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 4053-3033

doc-platonova@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1248-9099РыбаковаА. А.RybakovaA. A.

Рыбакова Анастасия Андреевна.

117036, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11.

Тел. +79169569991

eLibrary SPIN: 8275-6161

Anastasia A. Rybakova - MD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

Tel.. +79169569991

eLibrary SPIN: 8275-6161

aamamykina@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1904-3118СолдатоваТ. В.SoldatovaT. V.

Солдатова Татьяна Васильевна - кандидат медицинских наук.

117036, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11.

eLibrary SPIN: 1305-8829

Tatiana V. Soldatova - MD, PhD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 1305-8829

tatmoscow@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8520-8702ТрошинаЕ. А.TroshinaE. A.

Трошина Екатерина Анатольевна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН.

117036, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11.

eLibrary SPIN: 8821-8990

Ekaterina A. Troshina - MD, ScD, professor.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 8821-8990

troshina@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2604-1703ШиряеваТ. Ю.ShiryaevaT. Y.

Ширяева Татьяна Юрьевна - кандидат медицинских наук.

117036, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11.

eLibrary SPIN: 1322-0042

Tatiana Y. Shiryaeva - MD, PhD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 1322-0042

tasha-home@list.ruНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологииРоссияEndocrinology Research CentreRussian Federation2021160420216731025Copyright © Абдулхабирова Ф.М., Безлепкина О.Б., Бровин Д.Н., Вадина Т.A., Мельниченко Г.А., Нагаева Е.В., Никанкина Л.В., Петеркова В.А., Платонова Н.М., Рыбакова А.А., Солдатова Т.В., Трошина Е.А., Ширяева Т.Ю., 20212021Абдулхабирова Ф.М., Безлепкина О.Б., Бровин Д.Н., Вадина Т.A., Мельниченко Г.А., Нагаева Е.В., Никанкина Л.В., Петеркова В.А., Платонова Н.М., Рыбакова А.А., Солдатова Т.В., Трошина Е.А., Ширяева Т.Ю.Abdulkhabirova F.M., Bezlepkina O.B., Brovin D.N., Vadina T.A., Melnichenko G.A., Nagaeva E.V., Nikankina L.V., Peterkova V.A., Platonova N.M., Rybakova A.A., Soldatova T.V., Troshina E.A., Shiryaeva T.Y.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.probl-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/12750

Заболевания и состояния, связанные с дефицитом йода, — йододефицитные заболевания — широкий термин, включающий в себя не только нарушение структуры щитовидной железы, но и состояния, связанные с дефицитом тиреоидных гормонов.

Клинические рекомендации — это основной рабочий инструмент практикующего врача, как специалиста, так и врача узкой практики. Лаконичность, структурированность сведений об определенной нозологии, методов ее диагностики и лечения, базирующихся на принципах доказательной медицины, позволяют в короткий срок дать тот или иной ответ на интересующий вопрос специалисту, добиваться максимальной эффективности и персонализации лечения.

Данные клинические рекомендации включают в себя алгоритмы диагностики и лечения диффузного нетоксического зоба и узлового/многоузлового зоба у взрослых и детей. Кроме того, настоящие клинические рекомендации содержат информацию о способах адекватной эпидемиологической оценки йододефицитных заболеваний с помощью таких маркеров, как процентное соотношение зоба у школьников, медианная концентрация йода в моче, уровень неонатального тиреотропного гормона, медиана тиреоглобулина у детей и взрослых, а также об основных методах и группах эпидемиологических исследований йододефицитных заболеваний.

Iodine deficiency disorders is a sweeping term that includes structural and functional impairment of the thyroid gland.

These clinical guidelines include algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of euthyroid goiter and nodular/ multinodular goiter in adults and children. In addition, these clinical guidelines contain information on methods for an adequate epidemiological assessment of iodine deficiency disorders using such markers as the percentage of goiter in schoolchildren, the median urinary iodine concentration, the level of neonatal TSH, the median thyroglobulin in children and adults. As well from these clinical guidelines, you can get to know the main methods and groups of epidemiological studies of iodine deficiency disorders.

клинические рекомендациийодный дефицитдиффузный нетоксический зобузловой нетоксический зобguidelinesiodine deficiency disorderseuthyroid goitermultinodular goiterHetzel BasilS IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS (IDD) AND THEIR ERADICATION The Lancet 2003 10 1126 1129 322 8359 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90636-0Zimmermann Michael B Jooste Pieter L Pandav Chandrakant S Iodine-deficiency disorders The Lancet 2008 08 1251 1262 372 9645 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61005-3Taranushenko T.E. Iododefitsitnye zabolevaniya u detei. Diss. … dok. med. nauk. — Krasnoyarsk; 1999.Kovalenko T.V. Zdorov'e i razvitie detei, rozhdennykh v usloviyakh zobnoi endemii. Diss. … dok. med. nauk. — Izhevsk; 2000.Platonova Nadezhda Mikhailovna Iodine deficiency: current status Clinical and experimental thyroidology 2015 07 12 11 1 10.14341/ket2015112-21Hintze G, Koebberling J. Treatment of iodine deficiency goiter with iodine, levothyroxine or a combination of both. Thyroidology. 1992;4:37-40.Gartner R, Dugrillon A, Bechtner G. Evidence that iodolactones are the mediators of growth inhibition by iodine on the thyroid. Acta Med Austriaca. 1996;23(1-2):47-51.Troshina Ekaterina A Diffuse euthyroid goiter. The algorithms of treatment and prophylaxis with iodine preparations. A lecture Problems of Endocrinology 2015 03 49 56 60 5 10.14341/probl201460549-56Shapkina L.A. Zobnaya endemiya v Primorskom krae: kliniko-epidemiologicheskie i ekologicheskie aspekty. Diss. … kand. med. nauk. — Primorskii krai; 2005.Malievskii O.A. Difuznyi netoksicheskii zob u detei v Respublike Bashkortostan: rasprostranennost', struktura, lechenie, profilaktika. Diss. … dok. med. nauk. — Ufa; 2001.Kichikova Zh.D. Kliniko-morfologicheskie osobennosti endemicheskogo zoba u zhitelei Kalmykii. Diss. … kand. med. nauk. — Elista; 2002.Svinarev M.Yu. Endemicheskii zob i nekotorye pokazateli antitireoidnogo autoimmuniteta (po materialam obsledovaniya detei Khvalynskogo raiona Saratovskoi oblasti). Diss. … kand. med. nauk. — Saratov; 1995.Troshina Ekaterina A. Platonova Nadezhda M. Panfilova Elena A. Panfilov Konstantin O. The analytical review of monitoring of the basic epidemiological characteristics of iodine deficiency disorders among the population of the Russian Federation for the period 2009—2015 Problems of Endocrinology 2018 05 21 37 64 1 10.14341/probl9308Kiyaev A.V. Diffuznyi netoksicheskii zob u detei pubertatnogo vozrasta (epidemiologiya, etiologiya, diagnostika, profilaktika i lechenie). Diss. … kand. med. nauk. — Ekaterinburg; 2002.Walker SP, Wachs TD, Meeks Gardner J, et al. Child development: risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries. Lancet. 2007;369(9556):145-157. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60076-2Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination: a guide for programme managers. WHO, United Nations Children’s Fund, International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. 3 rd ed. Geneva, 2007. R. 1-97.WHO, UNICEF and ICCIDD. Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and monitoring their elimination. Geneva: WHO, WHO/Euro/NUT, 2001.Uppal Abhineet White Michael G. Nagar Sapna Aschebrook-Kilfoy Briseis Chang Paul J. Angelos Peter Kaplan Edwin L. Grogan Raymon H. Benign and Malignant Thyroid Incidentalomas Are Rare in Routine Clinical Practice: A Review of 97,908 Imaging Studies Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 2015 07 1327 1331 24 9 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0292Gharib Hossein Papini Enrico Paschke Ralf Duick Daniel S. Valcavi Roberto Hegedüs Laszlo Vitti Paolo Gharib Hossein Papini Enrico Paschke Ralf Duick Daniel S. Valcavi Roberto Hegedüs Laszlo Vitti Paolo Balafouta Sofia Tseleni Baloch Zubair Crescenzi Anna Dralle Henning Gärtner Roland Guglielmi Rinaldo Mechanick Jeffrey I. Reiners Christoph Szabolcs Istvan Zeiger Martha A. Zini Michele American Association of ClinicalEndocrinologists, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, and European Thyroid Association Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Nodules: Executive Summary of Recommendations Endocrine Practice 2013 04 468 475 16 3 10.4158/ep.16.3.468Walsh John P Managing thyroid disease in general practice Medical Journal of Australia 2016 08 179 184 205 4 10.5694/mja16.00545Troshina E.A. Zob. — M.: Meditsinskoe informatsionnoe agentstvo; 2012.BRAVERMAN LEWIS E. Iodine and the Thyroid: 33 Years of Study Thyroid 2009 02 351 356 4 3 10.1089/thy.1994.4.351Eastman Creswell J. Screening for thyroid disease and iodine deficiency Pathology 2012 02 153 159 44 2 10.1097/pat.0b013e32834e8e83Costante Giuseppe Meringolo Domenico Durante Cosimo Bianchi Davide Nocera Maria Tumino Salvatore Crocetti Umberto Attard Marco Maranghi Marianna Torlontano Massimo Filetti Sebastiano Predictive Value of Serum Calcitonin Levels for Preoperative Diagnosis of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma in a Cohort of 5817 Consecutive Patients with Thyroid Nodules The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2006 11 450 455 92 2 10.1210/jc.2006-1590Chambon Guillaume Alovisetti Caroline Idoux-Louche Catherine Reynaud Christophe Rodier Michel Guedj Anne-Marie Chapuis Héliette Lallemant Jean-Gabriel Lallemant Benjamin The Use of Preoperative Routine Measurement of Basal Serum Thyrocalcitonin in Candidates for Thyroidectomy due to Nodular Thyroid Disorders: Results from 2733 Consecutive Patients The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2010 09 75 81 96 1 10.1210/jc.2010-0162Elisei Rossella Bottici Valeria Luchetti Fabiana Di Coscio Giancarlo Romei Cristina Grasso Lucia Miccoli Paolo Iacconi Pietro Basolo Fulvio Pinchera Aldo Pacini Furio Impact of Routine Measurement of Serum Calcitonin on the Diagnosis and Outcome of Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Experience in 10,864 Patients with Nodular Thyroid Disorders The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2004 01 163 168 89 1 10.1210/jc.2003-030550Rink T, Dembowski W, Schroth HJ, et al. Impact of serum thyroglobulin concentration in the diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid diseases. Nuklearmedizin. 2000;39(5):133‐138.Gray Jessica L. Singh Gautam Uttley Lesley Balasubramanian Saba P. Routine thyroglobulin, neck ultrasound and physical examination in the routine follow up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer—Where is the evidence? Endocrine 2018 08 26 33 62 1 10.1007/s12020-018-1720-3Guth S. Theune U. Aberle J. Galach A. Bamberger C. M. Very high prevalence of thyroid nodules detected by high frequency (13 MHz) ultrasound examination European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2009 07 699 706 39 8 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02162.xHaugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26(1):1-133. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2015.0020.Zimmermann M Saad A Hess S Torresani T Chaouki N Thyroid ultrasound compared with World Health Organization 1960 and 1994 palpation criteria for determination of goiter prevalence in regions of mild and severe iodine deficiency European Journal of Endocrinology 2005 01 727 731 10.1530/eje.0.1430727Horvath Eleonora Majlis Sergio Rossi Ricardo Franco Carmen Niedmann Juan P. Castro Alex Dominguez Miguel An Ultrasonogram Reporting System for Thyroid Nodules Stratifying Cancer Risk for Clinical Management The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2009 03 1748 1751 94 5 10.1210/jc.2008-1724Kwak Jin Young Han Kyung Hwa Yoon Jung Hyun Moon Hee Jung Son Eun Ju Park So Hee Jung Hyun Kyung Choi Ji Soo Kim Bo Mi Kim Eun-Kyung Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System for US Features of Nodules: A Step in Establishing Better Stratification of Cancer Risk Radiology 2011 07 892 899 260 3 10.1148/radiol.11110206Russ Gilles Bonnema Steen J. Erdogan Murat Faik Durante Cosimo Ngu Rose Leenhardt Laurence European Thyroid Association Guidelines for Ultrasound Malignancy Risk Stratification of Thyroid Nodules in Adults: The EU-TIRADS European Thyroid Journal 2017 08 225 237 6 5 10.1159/000478927Russ Gilles Leboulleux Sophie Leenhardt Laurence Hegedüs Laszlo Thyroid Incidentalomas: Epidemiology, Risk Stratification with Ultrasound and Workup European Thyroid Journal 2014 09 154 163 3 3 10.1159/000365289Bonavita John A. Mayo Jason Babb James Bennett Genevieve Oweity Thaira Macari Michael Yee Joseph Pattern Recognition of Benign Nodules at Ultrasound of the Thyroid: Which Nodules Can Be Left Alone? American Journal of Roentgenology 2009 06 207 213 193 1 10.2214/ajr.08.1820Brito Juan P. Gionfriddo Michael R. Al Nofal Alaa Boehmer Kasey R. Leppin Aaron L. Reading Carl Callstrom Matthew Elraiyah Tarig A. Prokop Larry J. Stan Marius N. Murad M. Hassan Morris John C. Montori Victor M. The Accuracy of Thyroid Nodule Ultrasound to Predict Thyroid Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2013 11 1253 1263 99 4 10.1210/jc.2013-2928Na Dong Gyu Baek Jung Hwan Sung Jin Yong Kim Ji-Hoon Kim Jae Kyun Choi Young Jun Seo Hyobin Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System Risk Stratification of Thyroid Nodules: Categorization Based on Solidity and Echogenicity Thyroid 2016 01 562 572 26 4 10.1089/thy.2015.0460Wei Xi Li Ying Zhang Sheng Gao Ming Meta-analysis of thyroid imaging reporting and data system in the ultrasonographic diagnosis of 10,437 thyroid nodules Head & Neck 2014 09 309 315 38 2 10.1002/hed.23878Cibas Edmund S. Ali Syed Z. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology Thyroid 2009 11 1159 1165 19 11 10.1089/thy.2009.0274Paschke Ralf Cantara Silvia Crescenzi Anna Jarzab Barbara Musholt Thomas J. Sobrinho Simoes Manuel European Thyroid Association Guidelines regarding Thyroid Nodule Molecular Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology Diagnostics European Thyroid Journal 2017 05 115 129 6 3 10.1159/000468519Detskaya tireoidologiya. / Pod red. Gabora Sinnai; perevod s angl. pod redaktsiei Peterkovoi V.A. — M.: GEOTAR-Media; 2016.Brovin D, Peterkova V, Anikiev A, et al. The Value of Cytological, Histological and US Examination to Determine of Management Children with Nodular Goiter. Horm Res Paediatr. 2018;90(1):88.Francis GL, Waguespack SG, et al. Management Guidelines for Children with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Pediatric Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2015;25(7):716-759.Hoffman MR, Meadows SE, Langlois JP. Clinical inquiries. What is the best approach to goiter for euthyroid patients? J Fam Pract. 2007;56:479-480.Schroeder Pamela R. Ladenson Paul W. Toxic Nodular Goiter Clinical Management of Thyroid Disease 2009 10 203 219 10.1016/b978-1-4160-4745-2.00014-6 Bahn Rebecca S. Burch Henry B. Cooper David S. Garber Jeffrey R. Greenlee M. Carol Klein Irwin Laurberg Peter McDougall I. Ross Montori Victor M. Rivkees Scott A. Ross Douglas S. Sosa Julie Ann Stan Marius N. Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis: Management Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Thyroid 2011 04 593 646 21 6 10.1089/thy.2010.0417Weetman Anthony P. Radioiodine treatment for benign thyroid diseases Clinical Endocrinology 2007 05 757 764 66 6 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02841.xHoermann R. Treatment Regimens in Toxic and Diffuse Goiters in Iodine Deficiency. Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine. 2009;9:789-800. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374135-6.00081Toft Anthony D. Subclinical Hyperthyroidism New England Journal of Medicine 2002 07 512 516 345 7 10.1056/nejmcp010145Ianni F, Perotti G, Prete A, et al. Thyroid scintigraphy: an old tool is still the gold standard for an effective diagnosis of autonomously functioning thyroid nodules. J Endocrinol Invest. 2013;36(4):233-236. doi: https://doi.org/10.3275/8471Deep Dutta Manoj Kumar Anubhav Thukral Dibakar Biswas Rajesh Jain Sujoy Ghosh Satinath Mukhopadhyay Subhankar Chowdhury Medical Management of Thyroid Ectopia: Report of Three Cases Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology 2013 09 212 215 5 3 10.4274/jcrpe.1103Tunkel David E. Domenech Edgar E. Radioisotope Scanning of the Thyroid Gland Prior to Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Excision Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 2013 06 597 124 5 10.1001/archotol.124.5.597Sood Ashwani Sood Vikas Sharma Dev Raj Seam Rajeev K Kumar Rakesh Thyroid scintigraphy in detecting dual ectopic thyroid: A review European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2008 01 843 846 35 4 10.1007/s00259-007-0672-2Medeiros-Neto G. Multinodular Goiter. 2016 [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285569/ [Accessed 20 May 2020].Grussendorf M. Reiners C. Paschke R. Wegscheider K. Reduction of Thyroid Nodule Volume by Levothyroxine and Iodine Alone and in Combination: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2011 06 2786 2795 96 9 10.1210/jc.2011-0356Wilders-Truschnig M. M. Warnkroß H. Leb G. Langstegert W. Eber O. Tiran A. Dobnig H. Passath A. Lanzer G. Drexhage H. A. The effect of treatment with levothyroxine or iodine on thyroid size and thyroid growth stimulating immunoglobulins in endemic goitre patients Clinical Endocrinology 2008 03 281 286 39 3 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb02367.xFadeev V.V. Sovremennye printsipy lecheniya eutireoidnogo zoba // Trudnyi patsient. — 2010.Ghaznavi Sana Lithgow Kirstie Agrawal Veena Paschke Ralf Nontoxic Goiter Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases 2018 04 524 528 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.96012-4DeMaeyer E.M., Lowenstein F.W., Thilly C.W. World Health Organization. The control of endemic goiter. 1979.Szabolcs István Podoba Jan Feldkamp Joachim Dohán Orsolya Farkas Ildikó Sajgó Mihályné Takáts Krisztina I. Góth Miklós Kovács László Kressinszky Katalin Hnilica Peter Szilágyi Géza Comparative screening for thyroid disorders in old age in areas of iodine deficiency, long‐term iodine prophylaxis and abundant iodine intake Clinical Endocrinology 2003 11 87 92 47 1 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.2271040.xKouame P, Koffi M, Ake O, et al. Management strategies for endemic goiter in developing countries. Med Trop (Mars). 1999;59(4):401‐410.Troshina E.A. Sovremennye standarty, reglamentiruyushchie primenenie kaliya iodida u beremennykh i kormyashchikh zhenshchin. // Ginekologiya. — 2013. — T. 15. — №4. — S. 48-52.Mel'nichenko G.A., Fadeev V.V., Dedov I.I. Zabolevaniya shchitovidnoi zhelezy vo vremya beremennosti (diagnostika, lechenie, profilaktika). Posobie dlya vrachei. — M.: MedEkspertPress; 2003.Alexander Erik K. Pearce Elizabeth N. Brent Gregory A. Brown Rosalind S. Chen Herbert Dosiou Chrysoula Grobman William A. Laurberg Peter Lazarus John H. Mandel Susan J. Peeters Robin P. Sullivan Scott 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Thyroid 2017 01 315 389 27 3 10.1089/thy.2016.0457Pearce Elizabeth N Lazarus John H Moreno-Reyes Rodrigo Zimmermann Michael B Consequences of iodine deficiency and excess in pregnant women: an overview of current knowns and unknowns The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2016 08 918S 923S 104 suppl_3 10.3945/ajcn.115.110429 Andersson M de Benoist B Delange F Zupan J Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old: conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation Public Health Nutrition 2007 12 1606 1611 10 12A 10.1017/s1368980007361004van den Boogaard Emmy Vissenberg Rosa Land Jolande A. van Wely Madelon van der Post Joris A.M. Goddijn Mariette Bisschop Peter H. Significance of (sub)clinical thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review Human Reproduction Update 2011 05 605 619 17 5 10.1093/humupd/dmr024Hintze G., Köbberling J. Treatment of iodine deficiency goiter with iodine, levothyroxine or a combination of both. Thyroidology Clinical and Experimental. 1992;4(1):37-40.Haddow James E. Palomaki Glenn E. Allan Walter C. Williams Josephine R. Knight George J. Gagnon June O'Heir Cheryl E. Mitchell Marvin L. Hermos Rosalie J. Waisbren Susan E. Faix James D. Klein Robert Z. Maternal Thyroid Deficiency during Pregnancy and Subsequent Neuropsychological Development of the Child New England Journal of Medicine 2002 07 549 555 341 8 10.1056/nejm199908193410801Liu Qiang Djuricin Goldie Prinz Richard A. Total thyroidectomy for benign thyroid disease Surgery 2005 11 2 7 123 1 10.1016/s0039-6060(98)70221-1Bellantone Rocco Lombardi Celestino Pio Bossola Maurizio Boscherini Mauro De Crea Carmela Alesina Pierfrancesco Traini Emanuela Princi Pietro Raffaelli Marco Total thyroidectomy for management of benign thyroid disease: Review of 526 cases World Journal of Surgery 2002 12 1468 1471 26 12 10.1007/s00268-002-6426-1Le Moli Wesche Tiel-van Buul Wiersinga Determinants of longterm outcome of radioiodine therapy of sporadic non-toxic goitre Clinical Endocrinology 2003 03 783 789 50 6 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00734.xLee Yen-Ying Tam Ka-Wai Lin You-Meei Leu Wuan-Jin Chang Jui-Chia Hsiao Chi-Lien Hsu Meng-Ting Hsieh An-Tsz Recombinant human thyrotropin before131I therapy in patients with nodular goitre: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Clinical Endocrinology 2014 11 702 710 83 5 10.1111/cen.12654Weetman Anthony P. Radioiodine treatment for benign thyroid diseases Clinical Endocrinology 2007 05 757 764 66 6 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02841.xSorensen Jesper Roed Watt Torquil Cramon Per Døssing Helle Hegedüs Laszlo Bonnema Steen Joop Godballe Christian Quality of life after thyroidectomy in patients with nontoxic nodular goiter: A prospective cohort study Head & Neck 2017 09 2232 2240 39 11 10.1002/hed.24886Erdoğan Murat Faik Küçük Nuriye Özlem Anl Cüneyd Aras Sevgi Özer Diğdem Aras Gülseren Kamel Nuri Effect of radioiodine therapy on thyroid nodule size and function in patients with toxic adenomas Nuclear Medicine Communications 2004 10 1083 1087 25 11 10.1097/00006231-200411000-00003Rokni Haleh Sadeghi Ramin Moossavi Zohreh Treglia Giorgio Zakavi Seyed Rasoul Efficacy of Different Protocols of Radioiodine Therapy for Treatment of Toxic Nodular Goiter: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2014 04 12 2 10.5812/ijem.14424Niedziela M. Breborowicz D. Trejster E. Korman E. Hot Nodules in Children and Adolescents in Western Poland from 1996 to 2000: Clinical Analysis of 31 Patients Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011 04 15 6 10.1515/jpem.2002.15.6.823Schwab Karl Otfried Pfarr Nicole van der Werf-Grohmann Natascha Pohl Martin Rädecke Jochen Musholt Thomas Pohlenz Joachim Autonomous Thyroid Adenoma: Only an Adulthood Disease? The Journal of Pediatrics 2009 05 931 933.e2 154 6 10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.12.019Paracchi A. Ferrari C. Livraghi T. Reschini E. Macchi R. M. Bergonzi M. Raineri P. Percutaneous intranodular ethanol injection: A new treatment for autonomous thyroid adenoma Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 2014 04 353 362 15 5 10.1007/bf03348753Goletti Orlando Monzani Fabio Lenziardi Massimo Lippolis Piero Vincenzo De Negri Ferdinando Caraccio Nadia Cavina Enrico Baschieri Lidio Cold thyroid nodules: A new application of percutaneous ethanol injection treatment Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 2007 02 175 178 22 3 10.1002/jcu.1870220305Monzani F. Percutaneous aspiration and ethanol sclerotherapy for thyroid cysts Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2004 02 800 802 78 3 10.1210/jc.78.3.800World Health Organization, UNICEF, International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination: a guide for programme managers. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.WHO. Iodine and health. Eliminating iodine deficiency disorders safely through salt iodization. Geneva: WHO publ. 1994. P. 1-7.Haldimann M. Alt A. Blanc A. Blondeau K. Iodine content of food groups Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2005 02 461 471 18 6 10.1016/j.jfca.2004.06.003Pearce Elizabeth N Lazarus John H Moreno-Reyes Rodrigo Zimmermann Michael B Consequences of iodine deficiency and excess in pregnant women: an overview of current knowns and unknowns The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2016 08 918S 923S 104 suppl_3 10.3945/ajcn.115.110429Nikiforov Yuri E. Ohori N. Paul Hodak Steven P. Carty Sally E. LeBeau Shane O. Ferris Robert L. Yip Linwah Seethala Raja R. Tublin Mitchell E. Stang Michael T. Coyne Christopher Johnson Jonas T. Stewart Andrew F. Nikiforova Marina N. Impact of Mutational Testing on the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Cytologically Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules: A Prospective Analysis of 1056 FNA Samples The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2011 09 3390 3397 96 11 10.1210/jc.2011-1469Zimmermann Michael B Hess Sonja Y Molinari Luciano de Benoist Bruno Delange François Braverman Lewis E Fujieda Kenji Ito Yoshiya Jooste Pieter L Moosa Khairya Pearce Elizabeth N Pretell Eduardo A Shishiba Yoshimasa New reference values for thyroid volume by ultrasound in iodine-sufficient schoolchildren: a World Health Organization/Nutrition for Health and Development Iodine Deficiency Study Group Report The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018 02 231 237 79 2 10.1093/ajcn/79.2.231

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.