problendoПроблемы ЭндокринологииProblems of Endocrinology0375-96602308-1430Endocrinology Research Centre10.14341/probl12775problendo-12775Research ArticleБолезни костной и жировой тканиBones & Adipose tissues diseasesСовременное состояние исследований в области ожирения: генетические аспекты, роль микробиома и предрасположенность к COVID-19Current state of the obesity research: genetic aspects, the role of microbiome, and susceptibility to COVID-19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9918-6962ТимашеваЯ. Р.TimashevaYa. R.

Тимашева Янина Римовна, к.м.н.

450054 Уфа, проспект Октября, д. 71

eLibrary SPIN: 9962-8494

Yanina R. Timasheva, MD, PhD

eLibrary SPIN: 9962-8494

Ufa

ianina_t@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3553-7126БалхияроваЖ. Р.BalkhiyarovaZh. R.

Балхиярова Жанна Радиковна, к.м.н.

eLibrary SPIN: 3176-3244

Уфа;

Гилфорд, Великобритания

Zhanna R. Balkhiyarova, MD, PhD

eLibrary SPIN: 3176-3244

Ufa;

Guildford, United Kingdom

JaNe125@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2944-4428КочетоваО. В.KochetovaO. V.

Кочетова Ольга Владимировна, к.б.н.

eLibrary SPIN: 3461-3952

Уфа

Olga V. Kochetova, PhD

eLibrary SPIN: 3461-3952

Ufa

ecolab@mail.ruИнститут биохимии и генетики Уфимского федерального исследовательского центра Российской академии наук; Башкирский государственный медицинский университетРоссияInstitute of Biochemistry and Genetics of Ufa Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences; Bashkir State Medical UniversityRussian FederationИнститут биохимии и генетики Уфимского федерального исследовательского центра Российской академии наук; Башкирский государственный медицинский университет; Университет СурреяРоссияInstitute of Biochemistry and Genetics of Ufa Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences; Bashkir State Medical University; University of SurreyRussian FederationИнститут биохимии и генетики Уфимского федерального исследовательского центра Российской академии наукРоссияInstitute of Biochemistry and Genetics of Ufa Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation2021020820216742035Copyright © Тимашева Я.Р., Балхиярова Ж.Р., Кочетова О.В., 20212021Тимашева Я.Р., Балхиярова Ж.Р., Кочетова О.В.Timasheva Y.R., Balkhiyarova Z.R., Kochetova O.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.probl-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/12775

Число людей с ожирением в мире достигло 700 млн человек и продолжает неуклонно увеличиваться. Проблема приобретает особую актуальность в связи с повышенным риском осложненного течения и смертности от COVID-19 у пациентов с ожирением. Увеличение распространенности ожирения, в том числе морбидного, связывают с действием внешних и поведенческих факторов, что приводит к стигматизации людей с ожирением, поскольку их проблемы считают обусловленными неправильным образом жизни, характером питания и другими управляемыми факторами. Тем не менее установлено существование наследственной предрасположенности к ожирению, которая носит выраженный полигенный характер. К развитию морбидного ожирения могут приводить редкие мутации, оказывающие значительный эффект на энергетический обмен и отложение жира, однако у большинства пациентов они не выявляются. Низкое разнообразие генов микробиома коррелирует с метаболическими нарушениями (хроническим воспалением, инсулинорезистентностью, размером адипоцитов), а также успешностью оперативных вмешательств, направленных на коррекцию веса (бариатрической хирургии), но данных об отдаленных последствиях бариатрической хирургии и изменении состава, генетического разнообразия и активности микробиома до и после хирургического вмешательства пока недостаточно. В обзоре представлены результаты исследований генетических особенностей пациентов, страдающих ожирением, молекулярных механизмов патогенеза ожирения, способствующих неблагоприятному течению коронавирусной инфекции, а также эволюции микробиома пациентов при бариатрической хирургии, проливающие свет на природу развития заболевания и создающие предпосылки для определения потенциальных мишеней для лекарственной терапии и разработки персонализированных эффективных подходов в диагностике, лечении и профилактике ожирения.

Obesity affects over 700 million people worldwide and its prevalence keeps growing steadily. The problem is particularly relevant due to the increased risk of COVID-19 complications and mortality in obese patients. Obesity prevalence increase is often associated with the influence of environmental and behavioural factors, leading to stigmatization of people with obesity due to beliefs that their problems are caused by poor lifestyle choices. However, hereditary predisposition to obesity has been established, likely polygenic in nature. Morbid obesity can result from rare mutations having a significant effect on energy metabolism and fat deposition, but the majority of patients does not present with monogenic forms. Microbiome low diversity significantly correlates with metabolic disorders (inflammation, insulin resistance), and the success of weight loss (bariatric) surgery. However, data on the long-term consequences of bariatric surgery and changes in the microbiome composition and genetic diversity before and after surgery are currently lacking. In this review, we summarize the results of studies of the genetic characteristics of obesity patients, molecular mechanisms of obesity, contributing to the unfavourable course of coronavirus infection, and the evolution of their microbiome during bariatric surgery, elucidating the mechanisms of disease development and creating opportunities to identify potential new treatment targets and design effective personalized approaches for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of obesity.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.