problendoПроблемы ЭндокринологииProblems of Endocrinology0375-96602308-1430Endocrinology Research Centre10.14341/probl13636problendo-13636Research ArticleКлиническая эндокринологияClinical endocrinologyРоль микрохимеризма в развитии эндокринных заболеваний (на примере аутоиммунных заболеваний щитовидной железы и сахарного диабета 1 типа)The role of microchimerism in the development of endocrine diseases (using autoimmune thyroid diseases and type 1 diabetes mellitus as examples)https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5135-937XАлавердоваМ. В.AlaverdovaM. V.

Алавердова Мария Вадимовна,

117292, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11

Mariya V. Alaverdova,

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117292, Moscow

mariya.alaverdova@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8520-8702ТрошинаЕ. А.TroshinaE. A.

Трошина Екатерина Анатольевна - д.м.н., профессор, член-корр. РАН,

117292, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11

Ekaterina A. Troshina - MD, PhD, professor,

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117292, Moscow

troshina@inbox.ruНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии им. академика И.И. ДедоваРоссияEndocrinology research centreRussian Federation2026070320267213847Copyright © Алавердова М.В., Трошина Е.А., 20262026Алавердова М.В., Трошина Е.А.Alaverdova M.V., Troshina E.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.probl-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/13636

Микрохимеризм - это феномен присутствия в организме генетически чужеродных клеток, представляет значительный интерес для эндокринологии. Формируясь в результате трансплацентарного обмена клетками при беременности (фетальные и материнские микрохимерные клетки) или ятрогенных вмешательств, он может играть важную роль в развитии аутоиммунных эндокринопатий. Наибольшее количество данных накоплено в отношении заболеваний щитовидной железы: фетальные микрохимерные клетки обнаруживаются в 38–83% случаев аутоиммунного тиреоидита и болезни Грейвса, причем их уровень коррелирует с активностью аутоиммунного процесса. Выдвинуты три основные гипотезы их участия в патогенезе: инициация реакции «трансплантат против хозяина» после родов; молекулярная мимикрия с тиреоидными антигенами; пассивное накопление в очагах воспаления. При сахарном диабете 1 типа (СД1) исследования сконцентрированы на материнских микрохимерных клетках, которые выявляются в поджелудочной железе пациентов и могут дифференцироваться в β-клетки, однако их патогенетическая роль остается дискуссионной. Современные методы обнаружения микрохимерных клеток: полимеразная цепная реакция (ПЦР), метод иммунофлюоресцентной гибридизации in situ (FISH — fluorescence in situ hybridization) обладают высокой чувствительностью, но требуют стандартизации. Перспективными направлениями исследований являются изучение влияния человеческих лейкоцитарных антигенов HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens) — совместимости, долговременной динамики микрохимерных клеток и их потенциального терапевтического применения. Решение этих задач может привести к пересмотру представлений о патогенезе эндокринных заболеваний и разработке новых подходов к их лечению.

Microchimerism — the phenomenon of the presence of genetically foreign cells within the body — holds significant interest for endocrinology. It develops as a result of transplacental cell exchange during pregnancy (fetal and maternal microchimeric cells) or iatrogenic interventions and may play an important role in the development of autoimmune endocrine diseases. The greatest amount of data has been accumulated regarding thyroid diseases: fetal microchimeric cells are detected in 38–83% of cases of autoimmune thyroiditis and Graves’ disease, with their levels correlating with the activity of the autoimmune process. Three main hypotheses have been proposed regarding their involvement in pathogenesis: initiation of a "graft-versus-host" reaction postpartum, molecular mimicry with thyroid antigens, or passive accumulation in inflammatory foci.

In type 1 diabetes mellitus, studies focus on maternal microchimeric cells, which are found in the pancreas of patients and can differentiate into β-cells; however, their pathogenic role remains controversial. Modern methods for detecting microchimeric cells — such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescent hybridization in situ (FISH) — are highly sensitive but require standardization. Promising research directions include studying the influence of HLA compatibility, long-term dynamics of microchimeric cells, and their potential therapeutic applications. Addressing these issues could lead to a revision of current understanding of the pathogenesis of endocrine diseases and the development of new treatment approaches.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.