<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">problendo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы Эндокринологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Endocrinology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0375-9660</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2308-1430</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Endocrinology Research Centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/probl201561232-38</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">problendo-7204</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Конфокальная микроскопия роговицы - новый неинвазивный метод диагностики начальных проявлений повреждения периферической нервной системы при сахарном диабете</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Confocal retinal microscopy - the new non-invasive method for diagnostics of the early manifestations of the lesions in the peripheral nervous system associated with diabetes mellitus</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Артемова</surname><given-names>Е В</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Artemova</surname><given-names>E V</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">-</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галстян</surname><given-names>Г Р</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galstyan</surname><given-names>G R</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">galstyangagik964@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Атарщиков</surname><given-names>Д С</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Atarshchikov</surname><given-names>D S</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">-</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мальчугина</surname><given-names>А А</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malchugina</surname><given-names>A A</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">-</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дедов</surname><given-names>И И</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dedov</surname><given-names>I I</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">-</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Эндокринологический научный центр» Минздрава России, Москва</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title>ТОМ 61, №2 (2015)</issue-title><fpage>32</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Артемова Е.В., Галстян Г.Р., Атарщиков Д.С., Мальчугина А.А., Дедов И.И., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Артемова Е.В., Галстян Г.Р., Атарщиков Д.С., Мальчугина А.А., Дедов И.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Artemova E.V., Galstyan G.R., Atarshchikov D.S., Malchugina A.A., Dedov I.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.probl-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/7204">https://www.probl-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/7204</self-uri><abstract><p>В настоящее время не существует надежных способов диагностики начальных проявлений повреждения периферической нервной системы. Только пункционная биопсия кожи и биопсия нервов могут быть использованы на доклинической стадии, однако эти методы инвазивны и сопряжены с риском инфекционных осложнений. Конфокальная микроскопия роговицы - новый неинвазивный морфометрический метод, позволяющий выявлять признаки раннего повреждения периферической нервной системы и исследовать динамику изменений, что может служить суррогатной точкой для оценки терапевтической эффективности лекарственных препаратов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>There are presently no reliable methods for diagnostics of the early manifestations of the lesions in the peripheral nervous system. Only puncture biopsy of the skin and the nerves can be used at the preclinical stage. However, the application of these invasive methods is fraught with the risk of infectious complications. Confocal retinal microscopy is the new non-invasive morphometric technique that permits to reveal the early signs of the lesions in the peripheral nervous system and to study dynamics of the associated changes that can be used as a valid surrogate end point for the evaluation of the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет</kwd><kwd>диабетическая полинейропатия</kwd><kwd>конфокальная микроскопия роговицы</kwd><kwd>тонкие немиелинизированные нервные волокна</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>diabetic polyneuropathy</kwd><kwd>confocal retinal microscopy</kwd><kwd>fine non-myelinated nerve fibers</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gordois A, Scuffham P, Shearer A, et al. The Health Care Costs of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in the U.S. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1790-1795. doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.6.1790.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gordois A, Scuffham P, Shearer A, et al. The Health Care Costs of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in the U.S. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1790-1795. doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.6.1790.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. // Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003;94:311-321. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.10.029.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. // Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003;94:311-321. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.10.029.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abbott CA, Carrington AL, Ashe H, et al. The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort. // Diabet Med. 2002;19:377-384. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00698.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abbott CA, Carrington AL, Ashe H, et al. The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort. // Diabet Med. 2002;19:377-384. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00698.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Young MJ, Boulton AJ, MacLeod AF, et al. A multicentre study of the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the United Kingdom hospital clinic population. // Diabetologia. 1993;36:150-154. doi: 10.1007/BF00400697.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Young MJ, Boulton AJ, MacLeod AF, et al. A multicentre study of the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the United Kingdom hospital clinic population. // Diabetologia. 1993;36:150-154. doi: 10.1007/BF00400697.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ziegler D, Rathmann W, Dickhaus T, et al. Prevalence of polyneuropathy in pre-diabetes and diabetes is associated with abdominal obesity and macroangiopathy: the MONICA/KORA Augsburg Surveys S2 and S3. // Diabetes Care. 2008;31:464-469. doi: 10.2337/dc07-1796.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ziegler D, Rathmann W, Dickhaus T, et al. Prevalence of polyneuropathy in pre-diabetes and diabetes is associated with abdominal obesity and macroangiopathy: the MONICA/KORA Augsburg Surveys S2 and S3. // Diabetes Care. 2008;31:464-469. doi: 10.2337/dc07-1796.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tesfaye S, Boulton AJM, Dyck PJ, et al. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. // Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2285-2293. doi: 10.2337/dc10-1303.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tesfaye S, Boulton AJM, Dyck PJ, et al. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. // Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2285-2293. doi: 10.2337/dc10-1303.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abbott CA, Vileikyte L, Williamson S, et al. Multicenter study of the incidence of and predictive risk factors for diabetic neuropathic foot ulceration. // Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1071-1075. doi: 10.2337/diacare.21.7.1071.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abbott CA, Vileikyte L, Williamson S, et al. Multicenter study of the incidence of and predictive risk factors for diabetic neuropathic foot ulceration. // Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1071-1075. doi: 10.2337/diacare.21.7.1071.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Novella SP, Inzucchi SE, Goldstein JM. The frequency of undiagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in patients with idiopathic sensory neuropathy. // Muscle Nerve. 2001;24:1229-1231.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novella SP, Inzucchi SE, Goldstein JM. The frequency of undiagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in patients with idiopathic sensory neuropathy. // Muscle Nerve. 2001;24:1229-1231.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sumner CJ, Sheth S, Griffin JW, et al. The spectrum of neuropathy in diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. // Neurology. 2003;60:108-111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sumner CJ, Sheth S, Griffin JW, et al. The spectrum of neuropathy in diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. // Neurology. 2003;60:108-111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roosterman D, Goerge T, Schneider SW, et al. Neuronal Control of Skin Function : The Skin as a Neuroimmunoendocrine. // Organ Physiol Rev. 2006 Oct;86(4):1309-1379. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roosterman D, Goerge T, Schneider SW, et al. Neuronal Control of Skin Function : The Skin as a Neuroimmunoendocrine. // Organ Physiol Rev. 2006 Oct;86(4):1309-1379. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dyck PJ, Overland CJ, Low PA, et al. Signs and symptoms versus nerve conduction studies to diagnose diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy: Cl vs. NPhys trial. // Muscle Nerve. 2010;42:157-164. doi: 10.1002/mus.21661.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dyck PJ, Overland CJ, Low PA, et al. Signs and symptoms versus nerve conduction studies to diagnose diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy: Cl vs. NPhys trial. // Muscle Nerve. 2010;42:157-164. doi: 10.1002/mus.21661.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dyck PJ, Litchy WJ, Daube JR, et al. Individual attributes versus composite scores of nerve conduction abnormality: sensitivity, reproducibility, and concordance with impairment. // Muscle Nerve. 2003;27:202-210. doi: 10.1002/mus.10320.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dyck PJ, Litchy WJ, Daube JR, et al. Individual attributes versus composite scores of nerve conduction abnormality: sensitivity, reproducibility, and concordance with impairment. // Muscle Nerve. 2003;27:202-210. doi: 10.1002/mus.10320.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ziegler D, Muhlen H, Dannehl K, Gries FA. Tibial nerve somatosensory evoked potentials at various stages of peripheral neuropathy in insulin dependent diabetic patients. // J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993 Jan;56(1):58-64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ziegler D, Muhlen H, Dannehl K, Gries FA. Tibial nerve somatosensory evoked potentials at various stages of peripheral neuropathy in insulin dependent diabetic patients. // J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993 Jan;56(1):58-64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Truini A, Romaniello A, Galeotti F, et al. Laser evoked potentials for assessing sensory neuropathy in human patients. // Neurosci Lett. 2004;361:25-28. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.12.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Truini A, Romaniello A, Galeotti F, et al. Laser evoked potentials for assessing sensory neuropathy in human patients. // Neurosci Lett. 2004;361:25-28. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.12.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Devigili G, Tugnoli V, Penza P, et al. The diagnostic criteria for small fibre neuropathy: from symptoms to neuropathology. // Brain. 2008;131:1912-1925. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn093.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Devigili G, Tugnoli V, Penza P, et al. The diagnostic criteria for small fibre neuropathy: from symptoms to neuropathology. // Brain. 2008;131:1912-1925. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn093.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Granovsky Y, Matre D, Sokolik A, et al. Thermoreceptive innervation of human glabrous and hairy skin: a contact heat evoked potential analysis. // Pain. 2005;115:238-247. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.02.017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Granovsky Y, Matre D, Sokolik A, et al. Thermoreceptive innervation of human glabrous and hairy skin: a contact heat evoked potential analysis. // Pain. 2005;115:238-247. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.02.017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun PC, Chen CS, Kuo CD, et al. Impaired microvascular flow motion in subclinical diabetic feet with sudomotor dysfunction. // Microvasc Res. 2002;83:243-248. doi: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.06.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun PC, Chen CS, Kuo CD, et al. Impaired microvascular flow motion in subclinical diabetic feet with sudomotor dysfunction. // Microvasc Res. 2002;83:243-248. doi: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.06.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malik RA, Veves A, Walker D, et al. Sural nerve fibre pathology in diabetic patients with mild neuropathy: relationship to pain, quantitative sensory testing and peripheral nerve electrophysiology. // Acta Neuropathol. 2001;101(4):367-374.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malik RA, Veves A, Walker D, et al. Sural nerve fibre pathology in diabetic patients with mild neuropathy: relationship to pain, quantitative sensory testing and peripheral nerve electrophysiology. // Acta Neuropathol. 2001;101(4):367-374.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malik RA, Tesfaye S, Newrick PG, et al. Sural nerve pathology in diabetic patients with minimal but progressive neuropathy. // Diabetologia. 2005;48:578-585. doi: 10.1007/s00125-004-1663-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malik RA, Tesfaye S, Newrick PG, et al. Sural nerve pathology in diabetic patients with minimal but progressive neuropathy. // Diabetologia. 2005;48:578-585. doi: 10.1007/s00125-004-1663-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Umapathi T, Tan WL, Loke SC, et al. Intraepidermal nerve fiber density as a marker of early diabetic neuropathy. // Muscle Nerve. 2007; 35:591-598. doi: 10.1002/mus.20732.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Umapathi T, Tan WL, Loke SC, et al. Intraepidermal nerve fiber density as a marker of early diabetic neuropathy. // Muscle Nerve. 2007; 35:591-598. doi: 10.1002/mus.20732.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lauria G, Lombardi R, Camozzi F, Devigili G. Skin biopsy for the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy. // Histopathology. 2009;54:273-285. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.03096.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lauria G, Lombardi R, Camozzi F, Devigili G. Skin biopsy for the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy. // Histopathology. 2009;54:273-285. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.03096.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">England JD, Gronseth GS, Franklin G. et al. Practice parameter: the evaluation of distal symmetric polyneuropathy: the role of autonomic testing, nerve biopsy, and skin biopsy (an evidence-based review). Report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Elec. // PMR. 2009;1:14-22. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2008.11.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">England JD, Gronseth GS, Franklin G. et al. Practice parameter: the evaluation of distal symmetric polyneuropathy: the role of autonomic testing, nerve biopsy, and skin biopsy (an evidence-based review). Report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Elec. // PMR. 2009;1:14-22. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2008.11.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lauria G, Hsieh ST, Johansson O, et al. European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on the use of skin biopsy in the diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy. Report of a joint task force of the European Federation of Neurological Societies and the Peripheral Ner. // Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:903-912, e44-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03023.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lauria G, Hsieh ST, Johansson O, et al. European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on the use of skin biopsy in the diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy. Report of a joint task force of the European Federation of Neurological Societies and the Peripheral Ner. // Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:903-912, e44-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03023.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walk D, Wendelschafer-Crabb G, Davey C, Kennedy WR. Concordance between epidermal nerve fiber density and sensory examination in patients with symptoms of idiopathic small fiber neuropathy. // J Neurol Sci. 2007;255:23-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.052.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walk D, Wendelschafer-Crabb G, Davey C, Kennedy WR. Concordance between epidermal nerve fiber density and sensory examination in patients with symptoms of idiopathic small fiber neuropathy. // J Neurol Sci. 2007;255:23-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.052.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malik RA, Kallinikos P, Abbott CA, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy: a non-invasive surrogate of nerve fibre damage and repair in diabetic patients. // Diabetologia. 2003;46:683-688. doi: 10.1007/s00125-003-1086-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malik RA, Kallinikos P, Abbott CA, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy: a non-invasive surrogate of nerve fibre damage and repair in diabetic patients. // Diabetologia. 2003;46:683-688. doi: 10.1007/s00125-003-1086-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quattrini C, Tavakoli M, Jeziorska M, et al. Surrogate Markers of Small Fiber Damage in Human Diabetic Neuropathy. // Diabetes. 2007;56(8):2148-2154. doi: 10.2337/db07-0285.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quattrini C, Tavakoli M, Jeziorska M, et al. Surrogate Markers of Small Fiber Damage in Human Diabetic Neuropathy. // Diabetes. 2007;56(8):2148-2154. doi: 10.2337/db07-0285.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Müller LJ, Marfurt CF, Kruse F, Tervo TMT. Corneal nerves: structure, contents and function. // Exp Eye Res. 2007; 76:521-542. doi: 10.1016/S0014-4835(03)00050-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Müller LJ, Marfurt CF, Kruse F, Tervo TMT. Corneal nerves: structure, contents and function. // Exp Eye Res. 2007; 76:521-542. doi: 10.1016/S0014-4835(03)00050-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murphy PJ, Patel S, Kong N, et al. Noninvasive assessment of corneal sensitivity in young and elderly diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. // Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:1737-1742. doi: 10.1167/iovs.03-0689.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murphy PJ, Patel S, Kong N, et al. Noninvasive assessment of corneal sensitivity in young and elderly diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. // Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:1737-1742. doi: 10.1167/iovs.03-0689.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosenberg ME, Tervo TM, Immonen IJ, et al. Corneal structure and sensitivity in type 1 diabetes mellitus. // Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:2915-2921.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosenberg ME, Tervo TM, Immonen IJ, et al. Corneal structure and sensitivity in type 1 diabetes mellitus. // Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:2915-2921.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kabosova A, Kramerov AA, Aoki AM, et al. Human diabetic corneas preserve wound healing, basement membrane, integrin and MMP-10 differences from normal corneas in organ culture. // Exp Eye Res. 2003;77:211-217. doi: 10.1016/S0014-4835(03)00111-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kabosova A, Kramerov AA, Aoki AM, et al. Human diabetic corneas preserve wound healing, basement membrane, integrin and MMP-10 differences from normal corneas in organ culture. // Exp Eye Res. 2003;77:211-217. doi: 10.1016/S0014-4835(03)00111-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lockwood A, Hope-Ross M, Chell P, Neurotrophic keratopathy and diabetes mellitus. // Eye (Lond). 2003;20:837-839. doi: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702053.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lockwood A, Hope-Ross M, Chell P, Neurotrophic keratopathy and diabetes mellitus. // Eye (Lond). 2003;20:837-839. doi: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702053.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kallinikos P. Corneal Nerve Tortuosity in Diabetic Patients with Neuropathy. // Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:418-422. doi: 10.1167/iovs.03-0637.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kallinikos P. Corneal Nerve Tortuosity in Diabetic Patients with Neuropathy. // Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:418-422. doi: 10.1167/iovs.03-0637.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tavakoli M, Kallinikos PA, Efron N, Boulton AJMR. Corneal sensitivity is reduced and relates to the severity of neuropathy in patients with diabetes. // Diabetes Care. 2007;30:18-20. doi: 10.2337/dc07-0175.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tavakoli M, Kallinikos PA, Efron N, Boulton AJMR. Corneal sensitivity is reduced and relates to the severity of neuropathy in patients with diabetes. // Diabetes Care. 2007;30:18-20. doi: 10.2337/dc07-0175.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tavakoli M, Quattrini C, Abbott C, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy: a novel noninvasive test to diagnose and stratify the severity of human diabetic neuropathy. // Diabetes Care. 2003;33:1792-1797. doi: 10.2337/dc10-0253.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tavakoli M, Quattrini C, Abbott C, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy: a novel noninvasive test to diagnose and stratify the severity of human diabetic neuropathy. // Diabetes Care. 2003;33:1792-1797. doi: 10.2337/dc10-0253.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mehra S, Tavakoli M, Kallinikos PA, et al. Corneal Confocal Microscopy Detects Early Nerve Regeneration After Pancreas Transplantation in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. // Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2608-2612. doi: 10.2337/dc07-0870.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mehra S, Tavakoli M, Kallinikos PA, et al. Corneal Confocal Microscopy Detects Early Nerve Regeneration After Pancreas Transplantation in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. // Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2608-2612. doi: 10.2337/dc07-0870.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tavakoli M, Marshall A, Pitceathly R, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy: a novel means to detect nerve fibre damage in idiopathic small fibre neuropathy. // Exp Neurol. 2010;223:245-250. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.033.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tavakoli M, Marshall A, Pitceathly R, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy: a novel means to detect nerve fibre damage in idiopathic small fibre neuropathy. // Exp Neurol. 2010;223:245-250. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.033.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
