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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">problendo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы Эндокринологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems of Endocrinology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0375-9660</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2308-1430</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Endocrinology Research Centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/probl201561610-16</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">problendo-7700</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Studies</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Клинический полиморфизм сахарного диабета 2-го типа в детском возрасте — первое исследование в России</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Clinical polymorphism of type 2 diabetes in children — the first study in Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2333-3935</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еремина</surname><given-names>Ирина Александровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Eremina</surname><given-names>Irina Aleksandrovna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научный сотрудник детского отделния сахарного диабета Института детской эндокринологии ФГБУ ЭНЦ МЗ РФ</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ieremina58@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кураева</surname><given-names>Тамара Леонидовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuraeva</surname><given-names>Tamara Leonidovna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">endiab@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зильберман</surname><given-names>Любовь Иосифовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zilberman</surname><given-names>Lubov Iosifovna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zilbermanl@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Майоров</surname><given-names>Александр Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mayorov</surname><given-names>Alexander Yur'evich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">education@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кокшарова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Олеговна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koksharova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina Olegovna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD-student</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">katekoksharova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Эндокринологический научный центр» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Endocrinology Research Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Эндокринологический научный центр» Минздрава России; ГБОУ ВПО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Endocrinology Research Centre; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>10</fpage><lpage>16</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Еремина И.А., Кураева Т.Л., Зильберман Л.И., Майоров А.Ю., Кокшарова Е.О., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Еремина И.А., Кураева Т.Л., Зильберман Л.И., Майоров А.Ю., Кокшарова Е.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eremina I.A., Kuraeva T.L., Zilberman L.I., Mayorov A.Y., Koksharova E.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.probl-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/7700">https://www.probl-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/7700</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель — изучить особенности диагностики, клинических проявлений и течения сахарного диабета 2-го типа (СД2) у детей в Российской популяции.</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы.</p><p>Обследованы 80 детей с СД2, из них 70 — в динамике, длительность наблюдения — 2,6 года (1,5; 4,5). Кроме общеклинического обследования, определяли секрецию инсулина, HLA-полиморфизм DQ и DR-генов, специ­фические для сахарного диабета 1-го типа (СД1) аутоантитела (Ат).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты.</p><p>Медиана возраста диагностики СД2 — 13 лет (11,5; 15,5 года). Наследственность по СД2 отягощена у 58,8% детей. Только 26,3% детей с СД2 предъявляли классические для СД жалобы. У 65% СД2 диагностирован при обследовании по поводу ожирения (у 51,9% из них при проведении перорального глюкозотолерантного теста (ПГТТ), у 48,1% — гликемия натощак превышала 7,0 ммоль/л). Кетонурия в дебюте заболевания отмечалась у 21,3%; 85% имели ожирение или избыточную массу тела. Ат (ICA и IAA) выявлялись в 15,2% случаев, причем в невысоком титре. HLA-генотипы высокого риска СД1 выявлены в 5,5% случаев. Уровень гликрованного гемоглобина в дебюте заболевания — 7,1% (6,3; 8,5%), в первые 3 года у большинства детей его уровень был ниже 6,5%. Секреция инсулина и С-пептида в первые 3 года сохранялась на высоком уровне, у 81,3% детей в дебюте отмечалась инсулинорезистентность, при динамическом наблюдении ее частота значимо не менялась. Инсулинотерапия в начальном периоде заболевания была назначена 30% пациентов. Через 3 года лишь 8% детей получали инсулин при сохранной собственной секреции гормона.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы.</p><p>Бессимптомное начало заболевания требует активной диагностики СД2 в группах высокого риска: при наличии ожирения, отягощенной по СД2 наследственности, в пубертатный период. У 1/3 детей СД2 диагностируется только при использовании ПГТТ. Для СД2 у детей и подростков характерен клинический полиморфизм в виде острой манифестации в 21% случаев, отсутствия ожирения в 15%, отсутствия инсулинорезистентности в 18%, что требует дифференциальной диагностики этих случаев с СД1 и MODY. При СД2 в детском возрасте на протяжении 3 лет сохраняется высокий уровень инсулина и С-пептида и отсутствует потребность в инсулинотерапии. При этом наличие ICA и IAA в невысоком титре не противоречит диагнозу СД2.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective.</p><p>To elucidate the specific features of diagnostics, clinical course and manifestations of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) in the children of the Russian population.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods.</p><p>A total of 80 children presenting with DM2 were enrolled in the study including 70 available for the dynamic examination, with the follow-up period of 2.6 years (1.5; 4.5). The general clinical examination of the patients was supplemented by measuring insulin secretion, studying HLA-polymorphism of the DQ and DR-genes, and determination of type 1 diabetes (DM1) — related specific antibodies (At).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results.</p><p>The median age at diagnosis of DM2 was 13 years (11.5; 15.5). 58.8% of the children had a family history of DM2 but only 26.3% of them had classical complaints of diabetes mellitus. In 65% of the children, DM2 was diagnosed when they were passing medical examination in connection with obesity (in 51.9% with the use the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTP); 48.1% of these children had the fasting blood glucose level above 7.0 mmol/l. Ketonuria at the onset of the disease was documented in 21.3% of the patients while 85% were either obese or overweight. Antibodies (ICA and IAA) were detected in 15.2% of the children at a low titer. The HLA-genotype associated with a high risk of development of DM1 was identified in 5.5% of the cases. The glycosylated hemoglobin test revealed its mean level of 7.1% (6.3; 8.5%) at the onset of diabetes; in the majority of the children, it fell down below 6.5% within the first 3 years of the disease. During this period, insulin and C-peptide secretion remained elevated. Insulin resistance was initially documented in 81.3% of the children; the dynamic observation failed to show its appreciable decrease. Insulin therapy initiated at the onset of the disease was prescribed to 30% of the patients. After 3 years, only 8% of the children retaining endogenous insulin secretion continued to use insulin.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion.</p><p>The asymptomatic onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the children and adolescents emphasizes the importance of its active diagnostics during the pubertal period in the high risk groups comprising the patients with obesity and the family history of DM2. In one third of the children, the diagnosis of DM2 was possible only with the use the oral glucose tolerance test. DM2 in the children and adolescents is characterized by clinical polymorphism in the form of acute manifestations in 21% of the cases and the absence of obesity and insulin resistance in 15 and 18% respectively. This finding suggests the necessity of differential diagnostics of such cases from DM1 and MODY. Rather high insulin and C-peptide secretion persists for 3 years after the onset of DM2 in the children. Therefore, they do not need insulin therapy during this period. The presence of ICA and IAA antibodies at low titers does not compromise diagnosis of DM2.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет 2 типа</kwd><kwd>инсулинорезистентность</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>type 2 diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>insulin resistance</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Федеральная целевая программа «Геномные, постгеномные и протеомные технологии в изучении механизмов развития сахарного диабета и его осложнений»; Альфа-Банк; Российский Научный Фонд (проект №14-25-00181)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Demmer RT, Zuk AM, Rosenbaum M, Desvarieux M. 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