Preview

Problems of Endocrinology

Advanced search

Epidemiology of benign thyroid disorders in the adult population of the Republic of Belarus: analysis of nationwide statistics 2009 to 2019

https://doi.org/10.14341/probl12844

Abstract

BACKGROUND. Nowadays, the Republic of Belarus belongs to the countries with sufficient iodine supply, which made it possible to reduce the incidence of non-toxic goiter and congenital hypothyroidism. However, even a slight change in iodine consumption influences the pattern of thyroid diseases. In addition to iodine deficiency, other environmental conditions, as well as genetic factors, play a significant role in the etiology of thyroid diseases.

AIM. To analyze the dynamics of the main epidemiological indicators of benign thyroid diseases from 2009 to 2019 in the adult population of the Republic of Belarus, using the data of official state statistics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The indicators of the incidence and prevalence of benign thyroid diseases were studied on the basis of state statistics for 2009–2019. To analyze the dynamics of the studied indicators, regression analysis was used with the construction of linear and polynomial models.

RESULTS. A decrease in the incidence and prevalence of diffuse euthyroid goiter and an increase in the incidence and prevalence of nodular euthyroid goiter, thyroiditis, acquired hypothyroidism, Graves’ disease, as well as the incidence of nodular toxic goiter were revealed.

CONCLUSION. Obtained data indicate, that there is an increase in the prevalence of most of the studied thyroid diseases, despite the adequate iodine supply. The above justifies the need for further study of the causes of the identified trends, as well as the necessity of developing new methods of diagnosis and treatment of thyroid diseases.

About the Authors

S. U. Yakubouski
Belarusian State Medical University
Belarus

Henadz H. Kandratsenka, MD, PhD, Professor

83 Dzerzhinski Ave., 220116, Minsk



H. H. Kandratsenka
Belarusian State Medical University
Belarus

Henadz H. Kandratsenka, MD, PhD, Professor

83 Dzerzhinski Ave., 220116, Minsk



O. B. Salko
Republican center for medical rehabilitation and balne treatment
Belarus

Olga B. Salko, MD

Minsk



E. I. Kuz’menkova
Republican center for medical rehabilitation and balne treatment
Belarus

Elena I. Kuz’menkova, MD

Minsk



References

1. Koritko SS, Hmara IM, Salko OB, Antsipau VV. Endocrine discorders in Belarus — statistical and demographic comparisons. Meditsinskie novosti. 2013;3:42-48. (In Russ.).

2. Carlé A, Krejbjerg A, Laurberg P. Epidemiology of nodular goitre. Influence of iodine intake. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;28(4):465-479. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2014.01.001

3. Zimmermann MB, Boelaert K. Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3(4):286‐295. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70225-6

4. Kachan VI, Mokhort TV, Kolomiets ND, et al. Strategy for elimination of iodine deficiency in Belarus: evaluation of 10 years experience. Clinical and experimental thyroidology. 2010;6(3):30-34. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/ket20106330-34

5. Mokhort TV, Petrenko SV, Leushev BY, et al. Assessment of iodine status among school age children and pregnant women of Belarus in 2017–2018. Clinical and experimental thyroidology. 2018;14(3):149-155. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/ket9732

6. Mokhort TV, Kolomiets ND, Petrenko SV, et al. Dynamic monitoring of iodine sufficiency in Belarus: results and problems. Problems of Endocrinology 2018;64(3):170-179. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/probl8686

7. Laurberg P, Cerqueira C, Ovesen L, et al. Iodine intake as a determinant of thyroid disorders in populations. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;24(1):13-27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2009.08.013

8. Kholmatova KK, Grjibovski AM. Panel- and Trend Studies in Medicine and Public Health. Ekologiya cheloveka. 2016,10:57-64. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.33396/1728-0869-2016-10-57-63

9. Delange F, de Benoist B, Pretell E, Dunn JT. Iodine deficiency in the world: where do we stand at the turn of the century? Thyroid. 2001;11(5):437-447. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/105072501300176390

10. Yu X, Fan C, Shan Z, et al. A five-year follow-up study of goiter and thyroid nodules in three regions with different iodine intakes in China. J Endocrinol Invest. 2008;31(3):243-250. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03345597

11. Vejbjerg P, Knudsen N, Perrild H, et al. Effect of a mandatory iodization program on thyroid gland volume based on individuals’ age, gender, and preceding severity of dietary iodine deficiency: a prospective, population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(4):1397-1401. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-2580

12. Krejbjerg A, Bjergved L, Bülow I, et al. Thyroid nodules in an 11-year DanThyr follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(12):4749-4757. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-2438

13. Lombardi AF, Fiore E, Tonacchera M, et al. The effect of voluntary iodine prophylaxis in a small rural community: the Pescopagano survey 15 years later. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(3):1031-1039. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-2960

14. Vanderpump MPJ. The epidemiology of thyroid disease. Br Med Bull. 2011;99(1):39-51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldr030

15. Demicheva TP, Shilova SP. Statistical analysis of endocrine disorders prevalence in Perm territory (according to various sources of information). Soc Asp Popul Heal. 2016;48(2):308. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.21045/2071-5021-2016-48-2-3

16. Guth S, Theune U, Aberle J, et al. Very high prevalence of thyroid nodules detected by high frequency (13 MHz) ultrasound examination. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009;39(8):699-706. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02162.x

17. Liu J, Wang C, Tang X, et al. Correlation analysis of metabolic syndrome and its components with thyroid nodules. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 2019;12:1617-1623. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/dmso.s219019

18. Hegedus L. Clinical practice. The thyroid nodule. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(17):1764-1771. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmcp031436

19. Baloch ZW, LiVolsi VA. Current role and value of fine-needle aspiration in nodular goiter. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;28(4):531-544 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2014.01.010

20. Ragusa F, Fallahi P, Elia G, et al. Hashimotos’ thyroiditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic and therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;33(6):101367. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2019.101367

21. Madariaga GA, Palacios SS, Guillen-Grima F, Galofre JC. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Europe: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(3):923-931. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-2409

22. Troshina EA, Platonova NM, Panfilova EA. Dynamics of epidemiological indicators of thyroid pathology in the population of the Russian Federation: analytical report for the period 2009–2018. Problems of Endocrinology. 2021;67(2):10-19. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/probl12433

23. Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency. Endocr Rev. 2009;30(4):376-408. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2009-0011

24. Sun J, Teng D, Li C, et al. Association between iodine intake and thyroid autoantibodies: a cross-sectional study of 7073 early pregnant women in an iodineadequate region. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(1):43-51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-019-01070-1

25. Laurberg P, Pedersen KM, Hreidarsson A, et al. Iodine intake and the pattern of thyroid disorders: a comparative epidemiological study of thyroid abnormalities in the elderly in Iceland and in Jutland, Denmark. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(3):765-769. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.3.4624

26. Teng W, Shan Z, Teng X, et al. Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2783-2793. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa054022

27. Pedersen IB, Laurberg P, Knudsen N, et al. An increased incidence of overt hypothyroidism after iodine fortification of salt in Denmark: a prospective population study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(8):3122-3127. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-0732

28. Li N, Jiang Y, Shan Z, Teng W. Prolonged high iodine intake is associated with inhibition of type 2 deiodinase activity in pituitary and elevation of serum thyrotropin levels. Br J Nutr. 2012;107(5):674-682. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511003552

29. Latrofa F, Fiore E, Rago T, et al. Iodine contributes to thyroid autoimmunity in humans by unmasking a cryptic epitope on thyroglobulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(11):E1768-E1774. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-2912

30. Liu J, Mao C, Dong L, et al. Excessive iodine promotes pyroptosis of thyroid follicular epithelial cells in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis through the ROS-NF- κ B-NLRP3 pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:778. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00778

31. Ruggeri RM, Campenni A, Giuffrida G, et al. Oxidative stress as a key feature of autoimmune thyroiditis: an update. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino). 2020;45(4):326-344. doi: https://doi.org/10.23736/s0391-1977.20.03268-x

32. Pedersen IB, Knudsen N, Carlé A, et al. A cautious iodization program bringing iodine intake to a low recommended level is associated with an increase in the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in the population. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf ). 2011;75(1):120-126. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04008.x

33. Hong A, Stokes B, Otahal P, et al. Temporal trends in thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (ATPO) testing across two phases of iodine fortification in Tasmania (1995–2013). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf ). 2017;87(4):386-393. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13371

34. Petersen M, Pedersen IB, Knudsen N, et al. Changes in subtypes of overt thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism following iodine fortification. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf ). 2019;91(5):652-659. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14072

35. Jayatissa R, Okosieme OE, Ranasinghe S, et al. Thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction in Sri Lankan children and adolescents after 22 years of sustained universal salt iodization. Thyroid. 2021;31(7):1105-1113. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2020.0798

36. Khattak RM, Ittermann T, Nauck M, et al. Monitoring the prevalence of thyroid disorders in the adult population of Northeast Germany. Popul Health Metr. 2016;14:39. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-016-0111-3

37. Teti C, Panciroli M, Nazzari E, et al. Iodoprophylaxis and thyroid autoimmunity: an update. Immunol Res. 2021;69(2):129-138. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-021-09192-6

38. Kondrashova A, Viskari H, Haapala A, et al. Serological evidence of thyroid autoimmunity among schoolchildren in two different socioeconomic environments. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(3):729-734. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-1644

39. Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016;26(10):1343-1421. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2016.0229

40. Krohn K, Führer D, Bayer Y, et al. Molecular pathogenesis of euthyroid and toxic multinodular goiter. Endocr Rev 2005;26(4):504–524. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2004-0005

41. Laurberg P, Pedersen KM, Vestergaard H, Sigurdsson G. High incidence of multinodular toxic goitre in the elderly population in a low iodine intake area vs high incidence of Graves’ disease in the young in a high iodine intake area: comparative surveys of hyrotoxicosis epidemiology in EastJutland Denmark and Iceland. J Intern Med. 1991;229(5):415-420. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.1991.tb00368.x

42. Carlé A, Pedersen IB, Knudsen N, et al. Epidemiology of subtypes of hyperthyroidism in Denmark: a populationbased study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;164(5):801-809. doi: https://doi.org/10.1530/eje-10-1155

43. Baltisberger BL, Minder CE, Bürgi H. Decrease of incidence of toxic nodular goitre in a region of Switzerland after full correction of mild iodine deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol. 1995;132(5):546-549. doi: https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1320546

44. Gaberšček S, Gaberšček B, Zaletel K. Incidence of thyroid disorders in the second decade of adequate iodine supply in Slovenia. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2021;133(5-6):182-187. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01662-5

45. Delange F, de Benoist B, Alnwick D. Risks of iodineinduced hyperthyroidism after correction of iodine deficiency by iodized salt. Thyroid. 1999;9(6):545-556 doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1999.9.545

46. Petersen M, Knudsen N, Carlé A, et al. Thyrotoxicosis after iodine fortification. A 21-year Danish populationbased study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf ). 2018;89(3):360-366. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13751


Supplementary files

1. Рисунок 1. Динамика заболеваемости диффузным нетоксическим зобом на 100 000 человек.
Subject
Type Исследовательские инструменты
View (177KB)    
Indexing metadata ▾
2. Рисунок 2. Динамика распространенности диффузного нетоксического зоба на 100 000 человек.
Subject
Type Исследовательские инструменты
View (180KB)    
Indexing metadata ▾
3. Рисунок 3. Динамика заболеваемости нетоксическим узловым зобом на 100 000 человек.
Subject
Type Исследовательские инструменты
View (179KB)    
Indexing metadata ▾
4. Рисунок 4. Динамика распространенности нетоксического узлового зоба на 100 000 человек.
Subject
Type Исследовательские инструменты
View (189KB)    
Indexing metadata ▾
5. Рисунок 5. Динамика заболеваемости тиреоидитом на 100 000 человек.
Subject
Type Исследовательские инструменты
View (164KB)    
Indexing metadata ▾
6. Рисунок 6. Динамика распространенности тиреоидита на 100 000 человек.
Subject
Type Исследовательские инструменты
View (170KB)    
Indexing metadata ▾
7. Рисунок 7. Динамика заболеваемости приобретенным гипотиреозом на 100 000 человек.
Subject
Type Исследовательские инструменты
View (160KB)    
Indexing metadata ▾
8. Рисунок 8. Динамика распространенности приобретенного гипотиреоза на 100 000 человек.
Subject
Type Исследовательские инструменты
View (168KB)    
Indexing metadata ▾
9. Рисунок 9. Динамика заболеваемости болезнью Грейвса на 100 000 человек.
Subject
Type Исследовательские инструменты
View (176KB)    
Indexing metadata ▾
10. Рисунок 10. Динамика распространенности болезни Грейвса на 100 000 человек.
Subject
Type Исследовательские инструменты
View (180KB)    
Indexing metadata ▾
11. Рисунок 11. Динамика заболеваемости узловым токсическим зобом на 100 000 человек.
Subject
Type Исследовательские инструменты
View (160KB)    
Indexing metadata ▾
12. Рисунок 12. Динамика распространенности узлового токсического зоба на 100 000 человек.
Subject
Type Исследовательские инструменты
View (186KB)    
Indexing metadata ▾
13. Рисунок 13. Ранжированные (по убыванию показателя в 2009 г.) показатели заболеваемости тиреоидной патологией взрослого населения РБ за 2009 и 2019 гг. (число случаев на 100 000 человек).
Subject
Type Исследовательские инструменты
View (161KB)    
Indexing metadata ▾
14. Рисунок 14. Ранжированные (по убыванию показателя в 2009 г.) показатели распространенности тиреоидной патологии у взрослого населения РБ за 2009 и 2019 гг. (число случаев на 100 000 человек).
Subject
Type Исследовательские инструменты
View (151KB)    
Indexing metadata ▾

Review

For citations:


Yakubouski S.U., Kandratsenka H.H., Salko O.B., Kuz’menkova E.I. Epidemiology of benign thyroid disorders in the adult population of the Republic of Belarus: analysis of nationwide statistics 2009 to 2019. Problems of Endocrinology. 2022;68(3):30-43. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14341/probl12844

Views: 2278


ISSN 0375-9660 (Print)
ISSN 2308-1430 (Online)