Main epidemiological indicators of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children in the Russian Federation for 2014–2023

BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is the most common form of diabetes mellitus in childhood, where, unlike in adults, it accounts for more than 90% of all cases of diabetes. The constant change in the epidemiology of T1DM with significant differences in populations and regions requires systematic data collection and analysis for timely monitoring of T1DM trends.

AIM: Analysis of the main epidemiological indicators of T1DM in children in the Russian Federation over the past 10 years — from 2014 to 2023.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The object of the study was the data obtained from the federal statistical observation form No. 12 «Information on the number of diseases registered in patients living in the service area of a medical organization» for the period from 2014 to 2023. The prevalence (total number of registered cases) and incidence (cases with a diagnosis established for the first time) of T1DM (ICD-10 code: E10) were analyzed in children in three age groups: from 0 to 14 years, from 15 to 17 years, and combined from 0 to 17 years (inclusive).

RESULTS: Over the analyzed period, the prevalence of T1DM increased steadily from 238.6 in 2014 to 374.2 cases per 100,000 children in 2023. The prevalence of T1DM in adolescents from 15 to 17 years was higher than in children and amounted to 120.3-203.2 cases per 100,000 adolescents, while in children under 14 years of age, the prevalence was 100.1–172.2 cases per 100,000 children. The annual increase in the prevalence of T1DM averaged 6.3% (95% CI 4.9–7.8). The incidence of T1DM during the analyzed period was 19.1–27.2 cases per 100,000 children and also had a general tendency toward an annual increase in new cases. At the same time, over the past three years, there has been a relative stabilization of incidence rates at 26.5–27.2 per 100,000 children. The annual increase in incidence averaged 4.9% (95% CI 0.9–8.9). The greatest increase in the incidence of T1DM was observed in regions with low incidence.

CONCLUSION: The epidemiology of T1DM in the Russian Federation is characterized by significant regional and dynamic changes. Over the period 2014-2023, the incidence of type 1 diabetes in children has increased significantly, increasing annually by an average of 5%, while there has been a relative stabilization of incidence rates over the past three years.

1. Ogle GD, James S, Dabelea D, et al. Global estimates of incidence of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Atlas, 10th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109083. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109083

2. Gregory GA, Robinson TIG, Linklater SE, et al. Global incidence, prevalence, and mortality of type 1 diabetes in 2021 with projection to 2040: a modelling study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(10):741-760. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00218-2

3. Knip M. Type 1 diabetes in Finland: past, present, and future. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(5):259-260. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00074-7

4. Li Y, Qian K, Wu D, et al. Incidence of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes in Beijing During 2011–2020 and Predicted Incidence for 2025–2035: A Multicenter, Hospitalization-Based Study. Diabetes Ther. 2023;14(3):519-529. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-023-01367-8

5. Manuwald U, Schoffer O, Kugler J, et al. Trends in incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes between 1999 and 2019 based on the Childhood Diabetes Registry of Saxony, Germany. Sung WW, ed. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(12):e0262171. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262171

6. Wandell P, Carlsson A. Time Trends and Gender Differences in Incidence and Prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes in Sweden. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2013;9(4):342-349. doi: https://doi.org/10.2174/15733998113099990064

7. Patterson CC, Harjutsalo V, Rosenbauer J, et al. Trends and cyclical variation in the incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes in 26 European centres in the 25 year period 1989–2013: a multicentre prospective registration study. Diabetologia. 2019;62(3):408-417. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-018-4763-3

8. McKenna A, O’Regan M, Ryder K, Fitzgerald H, Hoey H, Roche E. Incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in Ireland remains high but no longer rising. Acta Paediatr. 2021;110(7):2142-2148. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15836

9. Libman I, Haynes A, Lyons S, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1160-1174. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13454

10. Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Peterkova VA, Diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents according to the Federal diabetes registry in the Russian Federation: dynamics of major epidemiological characteristics for 2013–2016. Diabetes mellitus. 2017;20(6):392-402

11. Petryaykina EE, Laptev DN, Vorontsova IG, Demidov NA, Ryapolova YuА. Diabetes mellitus type 1 in children and adolescents in Moscow. Data from the Moscow Segment of the Federal Register of Diabetic Patients 2015–2020. Problems of Endocrinology. 2021;67(6):113-123. (In Russ.)

12. Update on Worldwide Trends in Occurrence of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes in 2020. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2020;(1):1-10. doi: https://doi.org/10.17458/per.vol17.2020.tol.epidemiologychildtype1diabetes

13. Parviainen A, But A, Siljander H, et al. Decreased Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in Young Finnish Children. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(12):2953-2958. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-0604

14. Felton JL, Redondo MJ, Oram RA, et al. Islet autoantibodies as precision diagnostic tools to characterize heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review. Commun Med. 2024;4(1):66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43856-024-00478-y

15. McNally RJQ, Court S, James PW, et al. Cyclical Variation in Type 1 Childhood Diabetes. Epidemiology. 2010;21(6):914-915. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181f38f3f

16. Abramov DD, Dedov II, Haitov RM, Boldyreva MN, Alekseev LP. Sravnenie vklada sistemy HLA i drugih genov immunnogo otveta v formirovanie geneticheskoj predraspolozhennosti k razvitiyu saharnogo diabeta 1-go tipa. Immunologiya. 2012. 33(1):4-6

17. Titovich EV, Kuraeva TL, Danilova GI, et al. Associaciya saharnogo diabeta 1 tipa s polimorfnymi allelyami genov HLA klassa II v yakutskoj i russkoj populyaciyah. Saharnyj Diabet. 2009;12(3):26-32 (In Russ.)

18. Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Kuraeva TL, Titovich EV, Nikonova TV. Nozologicheskaya geterogennost’, molekulyarnaya genetika i immunologiya autoimmunnogo saharnogo diabeta. Vestnik Rossijskoj Akademii Medicinskih Nauk. 2015;70(2):132-139.

19. Atkinson MA, Eisenbarth GS, Michels AW. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet Lond Engl. 2014;383(9911):69-82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60591-7

20. Romanenkova NI, Golitsyna LN, Bichurina MA, et al. Enterovirus infection morbidity and peculiarities of nonpolio enteroviruses circulation on some territories of Russia in 2017. Journal Infectology. 2018;10(4):124-133. (In Russ.) doi: https://doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2018-10-4-124-133

21. Rewers M, Ludvigsson J. Environmental risk factors for type 1 diabetes. The Lancet. 2016;387(10035):2340-2348. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30507-4

22. Bichurina MA, Zheleznova NV, Sharova AA. Measles and rubella in the North-West of Russia in period of elimination. Journal Infectology. 2021;13(4):106-112. (In Russ.) doi: https://doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2021-13-4-106-112

23. Kamrath C, Rosenbauer J, Eckert AJ, et al. Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany: Results From the DPV Registry. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(8):1762-1771. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-0969