The period of transitory postnatal activation of the hypotalamo-pitutary-gonadal axis (mini-puberty) plays an important role in the testicular maturation and the development of the reproductive system. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the functional condition of the testicles in the boys at the age of 2-3 months born with cryptorchism. A total of 32 boys presenting with inguinal retention of the testes (group 1), 10 patients with unilateral abdominal criptorchism (group 2), and 40 healthy boys ages 2-3 month (control group) were available for the clinical examination and hormonal analysis. The methods employed in the study included orchidometry and genitometry, meagurement of serum gonadotropin, testosterone, and inhibin B levels by immunoenzyme assays. The results investigations made it possible to diagnose gonadal pathology in 80% of the examinad children presenting with unilateral abdominal cryptorchism and subclinical disorders of the testicular function in 40% of the patients with inguinal retention of a testicle.

It was studied the state of the vascular wall at metabolic syndrome (MS) in children and adolescents. The study included two groups of children: 45 people with MS and 25 patients with simple obesity. With the help of the device Vasotens assessed indicators of vascular stiffness: pulse wave velocity in the aorta, the indices of stiffness and augmentation of the peripheral arteries and the aorta, the maximum rate of rise in blood pressure. The study showed that 70% of children with MS increased arterial stiffness and thickness of the vascular wall. The rigidity of the vascular wall in children with MS revealed a 3.5 times more likely than children with simple obesity. Pulse wave velocity is a predictor of hypertension and has a high correlation with SDS IMT.

This study included 130 patients at the age of 14-17 years presenting with constitutional exogenous obesity (CEO) and 24 children without obesity (controls). The levels of adipocyte protein, a transporter of fatty acids (FABP4), in the sera of the adolescents with CEO were significantly higher than in the absence of obesity. They did not depend on the stage of puberty and differed in the children of different sex. The serum adiponectin level in the boys showed negative correlation with the amount of visceral adipose tissue and decreased progressively with the increase in the degree of obesity. The rise in the serum FABP4 level in the girls was associated with the increase in the amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue and positively correlated with the severity of obesity. Visceral obesity in the adolescents was accompanied by a variety of metabolic disorders while changes in the waist circumference did not reflect dynamics in the amount of visceral adipose tissue.

The present study was designed to estimate the informative value of three-phase scintiography and scintiography with labeled lymphocytes for the detection of the pyoinflammatory process in the patients presenting with the neuropathic, ischemic, and mixed forms of diabetic foot syndrome.

The primary objective of the present study was to analyse the advantages of insulin pump therapy and real time glucose monitoring systems as the tools for reducing the frequency of hypoglycemic episodes. The study included 190 children and adolescents at the age varying from 1 to 18 years suffering from type 1 diabetes mellitus. All the patients were hospitalized at the Endocrinological Research Centre for the treatment the disease using different modalities of insulin therapy, such as multiple injections of insulin (MII) and its continuous subcutaneous infusion (CSII). The blood glucose level was monitored during 72 hours making use of the continuous blind and real time monitoring protocols (blind-CGM and RT-CGM respectively). All the patients were divided into 4 groups depending on the therapeutic modality and the mode of blood glucose monitoring. Group 1 was comprised of the patients given multiple insulin injections in combination with blind glucose monitoring ("blind-CGM + MII"), group 2 included the patients undergoing blind glucose monitoring in conjunction with continuous insulin infusion ("blind-CGM + CSII"), group 3 contained the patients treated by multiple insulin injections followed by real-time blood glucose monitoring ("RT-CGM + MII"), and group 4 was composed of the patients undergoing continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin combined with real-time blood glucose monitoring ("RT-CGM + CSII"). In all the cases, the blood glucose levels were measured and the occurrence of hypoglycemia during the period of monitoring time was evaluated. It was shown that the highest frequency of hypoglycemia during 72 hours was recorded in the "blind-CGM" group and the lowest one in the RT-CGM groups. Despite adequate self-control, almost half of the patients in the "blind-CGM + MII" group reported at least one hypoglycemic episode either at the daytime or at night ; the duration of such episode was more than 1 hour on the average. In the "blind-CGM" group, CSII resulted in the decrease of the number of hypoglycemic episodes both at night and daytime (p<0.05). In the "RT-CGM + CSII" group, continuous insulin infusion reduced the mean duration of nocturnal hypoglycemic episodes (p<0.05) whereas this parameter was not significantly different between the other groups. It is concluded that hypoglycemia especially nocturnal one is rather a common problem facing children and adolescents suffering from type 1 diabetes mellitus. The use of insulin pump therapy and real time glucose monitoring systems (RT-CGM) makes it possible to substantially decrease the frequency and duration of hypoglycemic episodes in this population group.

Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is characterized by disregulated insulin hypersecretion with pancreatic b-cells, which lead to hypoglycemia. Untreated hypoglycemia in infancy can lead to seizures and severe brain injury. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are vital to prevent brain damage. CHI is a heterogeneous disorder in terms of its etiological factors, clinical presentation and morphological forms. Mutations in nine genes have been identified to date in patients with CHI. In addition, few syndromic forms have been described which might present with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. This review gives an overview of the classification and clinical presentation of CHI and provides guidelines for diagnostic approaches and management of patients with different forms of HI.

Clinical practice guidelines on Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) give a brief review of epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis of all disease causative steroidogenic defects. Recommendations on neonatal screening and management of early-diagnosed CAH due 21-hydroxylase deficiency were given in details. We also included the algorithm for the hormonal treatment and management of the patients of different age. Prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency has been also discussed.

Statement of hormonal activity and potential malignancy are the most important issues of diagnosis and selection of appropriate treatment way for patients with adrenal tumors. Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is rare disease with poor prognosis. Incidience of ACC is about 0.5-2 per million, and no more then 2-4% among adrenal tumors. This draft of guidelines of diagnosis and treatment of ACC is offered to common discussion among wide round of specialists.