Preview

Problems of Endocrinology

Advanced search

Clinical practice guidelines “Management of iodine deficiency disorders”

https://doi.org/10.14341/probl12750

Abstract

Iodine deficiency disorders is a sweeping term that includes structural and functional impairment of the thyroid gland.

These clinical guidelines include algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of euthyroid goiter and nodular/ multinodular goiter in adults and children. In addition, these clinical guidelines contain information on methods for an adequate epidemiological assessment of iodine deficiency disorders using such markers as the percentage of goiter in schoolchildren, the median urinary iodine concentration, the level of neonatal TSH, the median thyroglobulin in children and adults. As well from these clinical guidelines, you can get to know the main methods and groups of epidemiological studies of iodine deficiency disorders.

About the Authors

F. M. Abdulkhabirova
Endocrinology Research Centre
Russian Federation

Fatima М. Abdulkhabirova - MD, PhD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary: SPIN 2462-1115


Competing Interests:

No



O. B. Bezlepkina
Endocrinology Research Centre
Russian Federation

Olga B. Bezlepkina - MD, PhD, Professor.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 3884-0945


Competing Interests:

No



D. N. Brovin
Endocrinology Research Centre
Russian Federation

Dmitry N. Brovin - MD, PhD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 2518-9054


Competing Interests:

No



T. A. Vadina
Endocrinology Research Centre
Russian Federation

Tatiana A. Vadina - MD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 8006-9139


Competing Interests:

No



G. A. Melnichenko
Endocrinology Research Centre
Russian Federation

Galina A. Melnichenko - MD, PhD, Professor, academician of RAS.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 8615-0038


Competing Interests:

No



E. V. Nagaeva
Endocrinology Research Centre
Russian Federation

Elena V. Nagaeva - MD, PhD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 4878-7810


Competing Interests:

No



L. V. Nikankina
Endocrinology Research Centre
Russian Federation

Larisa V. Nikankina - PhD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 2794-0008


Competing Interests:

No



V. A. Peterkova
Endocrinology Research Centre
Russian Federation

Valentina A. Peterkova - MD, PhD, Professor.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 4009-2463


Competing Interests:

No



N. M. Platonova
Endocrinology Research Centre
Russian Federation

Nadezhda M. Platonova - MD, ScD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 4053-3033


Competing Interests:

No



A. A. Rybakova
Endocrinology Research Centre
Russian Federation

Anastasia A. Rybakova - MD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

Tel.. +79169569991

eLibrary SPIN: 8275-6161


Competing Interests:

No



T. V. Soldatova
Endocrinology Research Centre
Russian Federation

Tatiana V. Soldatova - MD, PhD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 1305-8829


Competing Interests:

No



E. A. Troshina
Endocrinology Research Centre
Russian Federation

Ekaterina A. Troshina - MD, ScD, professor.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 8821-8990


Competing Interests:

No



T. Y. Shiryaeva
Endocrinology Research Centre
Russian Federation

Tatiana Y. Shiryaeva - MD, PhD.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN: 1322-0042


Competing Interests:

No



References

1. Hetzel B. Iodine deficiency disorders (idd) and their eradication. Lancet. 1983;322(8359):1126-1129. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90636-0

2. Zimmermann MB, Jooste PL, Pandav CS. Iodine-deficiency disorders. Lancet. 2008;372(9645):1251-1262. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61005-3

3. Taranushenko TE. Iododefitsitnye zabolevaniya u detei. [dissertation] Krasnoyarsk; 1999. (in Russ.).

4. Kovalenko TV. Zdorov’e i razvitie detej, rozhdennyh v uslovijah zobnoj jendemii. [dissertation] Izhevsk; 2000. (in Russ.).

5. Platonova NM. Iodine deficiency: current status. Clinical and experimental thyroidology. 2015;11(1):12-21. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/ket2015112-21

6. Hintze G, Koebberling J. Treatment of iodine deficiency goiter with iodine, levothyroxine or a combination of both. Thyroidology. 1992;4:37-40.

7. Gartner R, Dugrillon A, Bechtner G. Evidence that iodolactones are the mediators of growth inhibition by iodine on the thyroid. Acta Med Austriaca. 1996;23(1-2):47-51.

8. Troshina EA. Diffuse euthyroid goiter. The algorithms of treatment and prophylaxis with iodine preparations. A lecture. Problems of Endocrinology. 2014;60(5):49-56. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/probl201460549-56

9. Shapkina LA. Zobnaja jendemija v Primorskom krae: kliniko-jepidemiologicheskie i jekologicheskie aspekty. [dissertation] Primorsky Krai; 2005. (in Russ.).

10. Malievskij OA. Difuznyj netoksicheskij zob u detej v Respublike Bashkortostan: rasprostranennost’, struktura, lechenie, profilaktika. [dissertation] Ufa; 2001. (in Russ.).

11. Kichikova ZhD. Kliniko-morfologicheskie osobennosti jendemicheskogo zoba u zhitelej Kalmykii. [dissertation] Elista; 2002. (in Russ.).

12. Svinarev MYu. Jendemicheskij zob i nekotorye pokazateli antitireoidnogo autoimmuniteta (po materialam obsledovanija detej Hvalynskogo rajona Saratovskoj oblasti). [dissertation] Saratov; 1995. (in Russ.).

13. Troshina EA, Platonova NM, Panfilova EA, Panfilov KO. The analytical review of monitoring of the basic epidemiological characteristics of iodine deficiency disorders among the population of the Russian Federation for the period 2009—2015. Problems of Endocrinology. 2018;64(1):21-37. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/probl9308

14. Kijaev AV. Diffuznyj netoksicheskij zob u detej pubertatnogo vozrasta (jepidemiologija, jetiologija, diagnostika, profilaktika i lechenie). [dissertation] Yekaterinburg; 2002. (in Russ.).

15. Walker SP, Wachs TD, Meeks Gardner J, et al. Child development: risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries. Lancet. 2007;369(9556):145-157. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60076-2

16. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination: a guide for programme managers. WHO, United Nations Children’s Fund, International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. 3 rd ed. Geneva, 2007. Р. 1-97.

17. WHO, UNICEF and ICCIDD. Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and monitoring their elimination. Geneva: WHO, WHO/Euro/NUT, 2001.

18. Uppal A, White MG, Nagar S, et al. Benign and malignant thyroid incidentalomas are rare in routine clinical practice: A Review of 97,908 Imaging Studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2015;24(9):1327-1331. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0292

19. Gharib H, Papini E, Paschke R, et al. American Association of ClinicalEndocrinologists, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, and European Thyroid Association Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Nodules: Executive Summary of Recommendations. Endocr Pract. 2010;16(3):468-475. doi: https://doi.org/10.4158/EP.16.3.468

20. Walsh JP. Managing thyroid disease in general practice. Med J Aust. 2016;205(4):179-184. doi: https://doi.org/10.5694/mja16.00545

21. Troshina EA. Zob. Moscow: Medicinskoe informacionnoe agentstvo; 2012. (in Russ.).

22. Braverman L. Iodine and the Thyroid: 33 Years of Study. Thyroid. 1994;4(3): 351-356. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1994.4.351

23. Eastman CJ. Screening for thyroid disease and iodine deficiency. Pathology. 2012;44(2):153-159. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/PAT.0b013e32834e8e83

24. Costante G, Meringolo D, Durante C, et al. Predictive Value of Serum Calcitonin Levels for Preoperative Diagnosis of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma in a Cohort of 5817 Consecutive Patients with Thyroid Nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(2):450-455. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-1590

25. Chambon G, Alovisetti C, Idoux-Louche C, et al. The Use of Preoperative Routine Measurement of Basal Serum Thyrocalcitonin in Candidates for Thyroidectomy due to Nodular Thyroid Disorders: Results from 2733 Consecutive Patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(1):75-81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-0162

26. Elisei R, Bottici V, Luchetti F, et al. Impact of Routine Measurement of Serum Calcitonin on the Diagnosis and Outcome of Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Experience in 10,864 Patients with Nodular Thyroid Disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(1):163-168. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030550

27. Rink T, Dembowski W, Schroth HJ, et al. Impact of serum thyroglobulin concentration in the diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid diseases. Nuklearmedizin. 2000;39(5):133‐138.

28. Gray JL, Singh G, Uttley L, Balasubramanian SP. Routine thyroglobulin, neck ultrasound and physical examination in the routine follow up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer-Where is the evidence? Endocrine. 2018;62(1):26–33. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-018-1720-3

29. Guth S, Theune U, Aberle J, et al. Very high prevalence of thyroid nodules detected by high frequency (13 MHz) ultrasound examination. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009;39(8):699-706. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02162.x

30. Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26(1):1-133. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2015.0020.

31. Zimmermann M, Saad A, Hess S, et al. Thyroid ultrasound compared with World Health Organization 1960 and 1994 palpation criteria for determination of goiter prevalence in regions of mild and severe iodine deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol. 2000;143(6):727‐731. doi: https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1430727

32. Horvath E, Majlis S, Rossi R et al. An ultrasonogram reporting system for thyroid nodules stratifying cancer risk for clinical management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 94(5):1748-1751. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1724

33. Kwak JY, Han KH, Yoon JH, et al. Thyroid imaging reporting and data system for US features of nodules: a step in establishing better stratification of cancer risk. Radiology. 2011;260(3):892-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11110206

34. Russ G, Bonnema SJ, Erdogan MF, et al. European Thyroid Association Guidelines for Ultrasound Malignancy Risk Stratification of Thyroid Nodules in Adults: The EU-TIRADS. Eur Thyroid J. 2017;6:225–237. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000478927

35. Russ G, Leboulleux S, Leenhardt L, Hegedüs L. Thyroid Incidentalomas: Epidemiology, Risk Stratification with Ultrasound and Workup. Eur Thyroid J. 2014;3(3):154-163. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000365289

36. Bonavita JA, Mayo J, Babb J, et al. Pattern Recognition of Benign Nodules at Ultrasound of the Thyroid: Which Nodules Can Be Left Alone? Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(1):207-213. doi: https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.08.1820

37. Brito JP, Gionfriddo MR, Al Nofal A, et al. The Accuracy of Thyroid Nodule Ultrasound to Predict Thyroid Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(4):1253-1263. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-2928

38. Na DG, Baek JH, Sung JY, et al. Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System Risk Stratification of Thyroid Nodules: Categorization Based on Solidity and Echogenicity. Thyroid. 2016;26(4):562-572. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2015.0460

39. Wei X, Li Y, Zhang S, Gao M. Meta-analysis of thyroid imaging reporting and data system in the ultrasonographic diagnosis of 10,437 thyroid nodules. Eisele DW, ed. Head Neck. 2016;38(2):309-315. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.23878

40. Cibas ES, Ali SZ. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Thyroid. 2009;19(11):1159-65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2009.0274

41. Paschke R, Cantara S, Crescenzi A, et al. European Thyroid Association Guidelines regarding Thyroid Nodule Molecular Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology Diagnostics. Eur Thyroid J. 2017;6:115-129. doi: 10.1159/000468519

42. Detskaja tireoidologija. Ed. by Gabor Sinnai; Tanslation be Peterkova VA. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2016. (in Russ.).

43. Brovin D, Peterkova V, Anikiev A, et al. The Value of Cytological, Histological and US Examination to Determine of Management Children with Nodular Goiter. Horm Res Paediatr. 2018;90(1):88.

44. Francis GL, Waguespack SG, et al. Management Guidelines for Children with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Pediatric Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2015;25(7):716-759.

45. Hoffman MR, Meadows SE, Langlois JP. Clinical inquiries. What is the best approach to goiter for euthyroid patients? J Fam Pract. 2007;56:479-480.

46. Schroeder PR, Ladenson PW. Toxic Nodular Goiter. In: Clinical Management of Thyroid Disease. Elsevier; 2009:203-219. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-4745-2.00014-6

47. Bahn RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis: Management Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Thyroid. 2011;21(6):593-646. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2010.0417

48. Weetman AP. Radioiodine treatment for benign thyroid diseases. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;66(6):757-764. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02841.x

49. Hoermann R. Treatment Regimens in Toxic and Diffuse Goiters in Iodine Deficiency. Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine. 2009;9:789-800. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374135-6.00081

50. Toft AD. Subclinical Hyperthyroidism. New England Journal of Medicine. 2001;345(7):512-516. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp010145

51. Ianni F, Perotti G, Prete A, et al. Thyroid scintigraphy: an old tool is still the gold standard for an effective diagnosis of autonomously functioning thyroid nodules. J Endocrinol Invest. 2013;36(4):233-236. doi: https://doi.org/10.3275/8471

52. Dutta D, Kumar M, Thukral A, et al. Medical management of thyroid ectopia: report of three cases. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2013; 5(3):212–215. doi: https://doi.org/10.4274/Jcrpe.1103

53. Tunkel DE, Domenech EE. Radioisotope Scanning of the Thyroid Gland Prior to Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Excision. Arch Otolaryngol Neck Surg. 1998;124(5):597-599. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.124.5.597.

54. Sood A, Sood V, Sharma DR, et al. Thyroid scintigraphy in detecting dual ectopic thyroid: A review. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-007-0672-2

55. Medeiros-Neto G. Multinodular Goiter. 2016 [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285569/ [Accessed 20 May 2020].

56. Grussendorf M, Reiners C, Paschke R, Wegscheider K. Reduction of Thyroid Nodule Volume by Levothyroxine and Iodine Alone and in Combination: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(9):2786-2795. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0356

57. Wilders-Truschnig MM, Warnkroß H, Leb G, et al. The effect of treatment with levothyroxine or iodine on thyroid size and thyroid growth stimulating immunoglobulins in endemic goitre patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1993;39(3):281-286. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb02367.x

58. Fadeev VV. Sovremennye principy lechenija jeutireoidnogo zoba. Trudnyj pacient. Oct. 2010 (in Russ.).

59. Ghaznavi S, Lithgow K, Agrawal V, Paschke R. Nontoxic Goiter. In: Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases. Vol. 39. Elsevier; 2018:524-528. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.96012-4

60. DeMaeyer E.M., Lowenstein F.W., Thilly C.W. World Health Organization. The control of endemic goiter. 1979.

61. Szabolcs I, Podoba J, Feldkamp J, et al. Comparative screening for thyroid disorders in old age in areas of iodine deficiency, long‐term iodine prophylaxis and abundant iodine intake. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997;47(1):87-92. doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.2271040.x

62. Kouame P, Koffi M, Ake O, et al. Management strategies for endemic goiter in developing countries. Med Trop (Mars). 1999;59(4):401‐410.

63. Troshina EA. Current recommendations and standards governing the use of potassium iodide for pregnant and lactating women (clinical lecture). Gynecology. 2013;15(4):48-52. (in Russ.).

64. Mel›nichenko GA, Fadeev VV, Dedov II. Zabolevanija shhitovidnoj zhelezy vo vremja beremennosti (diagnostika, lechenie, profilaktika). Posobie dlja vrachej. Moscow: MedJekspertPress; 2003. (in Russ.).

65. Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, et al. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid. 2017;27(3):315-389. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2016.0457

66. Pearce EN, Lazarus JH, Moreno-Reyes R, Zimmermann MB. Consequences of iodine deficiency and excess in pregnant women: an overview of current knowns and unknowns. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(3):918S-923S. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.110429

67. Andersson M, de Benoist B, Delange F, Zupan J. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old: conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation. Public Health Nutr. 2007;10(12A):1606-1611. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007361004

68. van den Boogaard E, Vissenberg R, Land JA, et al. Significance of (sub)clinical thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update. 2011;17(5):605-619. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmr024

69. Hintze G., Köbberling, J. Treatment of iodine deficiency goiter with iodine, levothyroxine or a combination of both. Thyroidology Clinical and Experimental. 1992;4(1):37-40.

70. Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC, et al. Maternal Thyroid Deficiency during Pregnancy and Subsequent Neuropsychological Development of the Child. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(8):549-555. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199908193410801

71. Liu Q, Djuricin G, Prinz RA. Total thyroidectomy for benign thyroid disease. Surgery. 1998;123(1):2-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6060(98)70221-1

72. Bellantone R, Lombardi CP, Bossola M, et al. Total thyroidectomy for management of benign thyroid disease: Review of 526 cases. World J Surg. 2002;26(12):1468-1471. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-002-6426-1

73. Le Moli, Wesche, Tiel-van Buul, Wiersinga. Determinants of longterm outcome of radioiodine therapy of sporadic non-toxic goitre. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999;50(6):783-789. doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00734.x

74. Lee Y-Y, Tam K-W, Lin Y-M, et al. Recombinant human thyrotropin before 131 I therapy in patients with nodular goitre: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015;83(5):702-710. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12654

75. Weetman AP. Radioiodine treatment for benign thyroid diseases. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;66(6):757-764. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02841.x

76. Sorensen JR, Watt T, Cramon P, et al. Quality of life after thyroidectomy in patients with nontoxic nodular goiter: A prospective cohort study. Head Neck. 2017;39(11):2232-2240. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.24886

77. Erdoğan MF, Küçük NÖ, Anl C, et al. Effect of radioiodine therapy on thyroid nodule size and function in patients with toxic adenomas. Nucl Med Commun. 2004;25(11):1083-1087. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006231-200411000-00003

78. Rokni H, Sadeghi R, Moossavi Z, et al. Efficacy of different protocols of radioiodine therapy for treatment of toxic nodular goiter: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;12(2):e14424. doi: https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem.14424

79. Niedziela M, Breborowicz D, Trejster E, Korman E. Hot Nodules in Children and Adolescents in Western Poland from 1996 to 2000: Clinical Analysis of 31 Patients. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002;15(6). doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/JPEM.2002.15.6.823

80. Schwab KO, Pfarr N, van der Werf-Grohmann N, et al. Autonomous Thyroid Adenoma: Only an Adulthood Disease? J Pediatr. 2009;154(6):931-933. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.12.019

81. Paracchi A, Ferrari C, Livraghi T, et al. Percutaneous intranodular ethanol injection: A new treatment for autonomous thyroid adenoma. J Endocrinol Invest. 1992;15(5):353-362. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03348753

82. Goletti O, Monzani F, Lenziardi M, et al. Cold thyroid nodules: A new application of percutaneous ethanol injection treatment. J Clin Ultrasound. 1994;22(3):175-178. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcu.1870220305

83. Monzani F. Percutaneous aspiration and ethanol sclerotherapy for thyroid cysts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78(3):800-802. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.78.3.800

84. World Health Organization, UNICEF, International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination: a guide for programme managers. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.

85. WHO. Iodine and health. Eliminating iodine deficiency disorders safely through salt iodization. Geneva: WHO publ. 1994. P. 1-7.

86. Haldimann M, Alt A, Blanc A, Blondeau K. Iodine content of food groups. J Food Compos Anal. 2005;18(6):461-471. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2004.06.003

87. Pearce EN, Lazarus JH, Moreno-Reyes R, Zimmermann MB. Consequences of iodine deficiency and excess in pregnant women: an overview of current knowns and unknowns. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(3):918S-923S. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.110429

88. Nikiforov YE, Ohori NP, Hodak SP, et al. Impact of Mutational Testing on the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Cytologically Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules: A Prospective Analysis of 1056 FNA Samples. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(11):3390-3397. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-1469

89. Zimmermann MB, Hess SY, Molinari L, et al. New reference values for thyroid volume by ultrasound in iodine-sufficient schoolchildren: a World Health Organization/Nutrition for Health and Development Iodine Deficiency Study Group Report. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(2):231-237. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.2.231


Supplementary files

1. Рисунок 1. Схема ведения пациентов при диффузном зобе
Subject
Type Исследовательские инструменты
View (268KB)    
Indexing metadata ▾
2. Рисунок 2. Схема ведения пациентов при узловом/многоузловом зобе
Subject
Type Исследовательские инструменты
View (240KB)    
Indexing metadata ▾

Review

For citations:


Abdulkhabirova F.M., Bezlepkina O.B., Brovin D.N., Vadina T.A., Melnichenko G.A., Nagaeva E.V., Nikankina L.V., Peterkova V.A., Platonova N.M., Rybakova A.A., Soldatova T.V., Troshina E.A., Shiryaeva T.Y. Clinical practice guidelines “Management of iodine deficiency disorders”. Problems of Endocrinology. 2021;67(3):10-25. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14341/probl12750

Views: 45044


ISSN 0375-9660 (Print)
ISSN 2308-1430 (Online)