Primary hyperparathyroidism: the clinical picture, diagnostics, differential diagnostics, and methods of treatment
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHT) is the third most common endocrine disorder in men and women after diabetes mellitus and thyroid disease and one of the most frequent causes of osteoporosis and fractures among the secondary osteopathy. PHT refers to socially significant problems in connection with involvement in the pathological process of the majority of organs and system In recent years, the conception of epidemiology, clinic and tactics of management of patients with PHT has changed due to significant increase of morbidity at the expense of identification of mild forms of disease. The modern management concept tactics depends on clinical manifestations. Bearing in mind the importance of the problem under consideration, the working group was set up for the development of federal recommendations on the treatment of PHT based on the principles of evidence-based medicine. The experience accumulated by the domestic and international experts was summarized in the federal clinical guidelines on PHT.
About the Authors
Ivan I. DedovRussian Federation
MD, PhD, Professor
Galina A. Melnichenko
Russian Federation
MD, PhD, Professor
Natalia G. Mokrysheva
Russian Federation
MD, PhD
Liudmila Y. Rozhinskaya
Russian Federation
MD, PhD, Professor
Nikolay S. Kusnezov
Russian Federation
MD, PhD
Ekaterina A. Pigarova
Russian Federation
MD, PhD
Anna K. Eremkina
Russian Federation
MD, PhD
Lilit V. Egshatyan
Russian Federation
MD, PhD
Elizaveta O. Mamedova
Russian Federation
MD
Julia A. Krupinova
Russian Federation
MD
References
1. Bilezikian JP, Khan AA, Potts JT. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the third international workshop. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2009;94(2):335-339. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-1763
2. Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R, et al. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the fourth international workshop. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2014;99(10):3561-3569. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-1413
3. Rosen CJ, Bouillon R, Compston JE, Rosen V. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism. Wiley. 2013.
4. Khan AA, Clark OH, editors. Handbook of parathyroid diseases — a case-based practical guide. Springer. 2012. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2164-1
5. Алгоритмы обследования и лечения пациентов в эндокринологии. Ч. II. Гиперпаратиреоз. Методические рекомендации. Под ред. И.И. Дедова и Г.А. Мельниченко. — М. 2009. [Dedov II, Melnichenko GA, editors. Algorithms for examination and treatment of patients in endocrinology. Part II. Hyperparathyroidism. Guidelines. Moscow. 2009. (In Russ.)].
6. Yu N, Donnan PT, Murphy MJ, Leese GP. Epidemiology of primary hyperparathyroidism in Tayside, Scotland, UK. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009;71(4):485-493. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03520.x
7. Wermers RA, Khosla S, Atkinson EJ, et al. Incidence of primary hyperparathyroidism in Rochester, Minnesota, 1993—2001: an update on the changing epidemiology of the disease. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(1):171-177. doi: 10.1359/JBMR.050910
8. Wermers RA, Khosla S, Atkinson EJ, et al. The rise and fall of primary hyperparathyroidism: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota, 1965—1992. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126(6):433-440.
9. AACE/AAES Task force on primary hyperparathyroidism. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons position statement on the diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2005;11(1):49-54. doi: 10.4158/EP.11.1.49
10. Chiavistelli S, Bilezikian JP. Does calcium intake influence the development of primary hyperparathyroidism? IBMS Bonekey. 2013;10. doi: 10.1038/bonekey.2013.48
11. Yeh MW, Ituarte PHG, Zhou HC, et al. Incidence and prevalence of primary hyperparathyroidism in a racially mixed population. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2013;98(3):1122-1129. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-4022
12. De Lucia F, Minisola S, Romagnoli E, et al. Effect of gender and geographic location on the expression of primary hyperparathyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest. 2013;36(2):123-126. doi: 10.3275/8455
13. Мокрышева Н.Г. Первичный гиперпаратиреоз. Эпидемиология, клиника, современные принципы диагностики и лечения: Дис. … д-ра мед. наук. — М. 2011. — С. 253. [Mokrysheva NG. Primary hyperparathyroidism. The epidemiology, clinical features, modern principles of diagnosis and treatment: Dissertation. Moscow. 2011;253. (In Russ.)].
14. Мокрышева Н.Г., Рожинская Л.Я., Перетокина Е.В. и др. Анализ основных эпидемиологических характеристик первичного гиперпаратиреоза в России (по данным регистра) // Проблемы эндокринологии. — 2012. — Т. 58. — № 5. — С. 16-20. [Mokrysheva NG, Rozhinskaia LI, Peretokina EV, et al. The results of analysis of the major epidemiological characteristics of primary hyperparathyroidism in Russia based on the registry data. Problems of Endocrinology. 2012;58(5):16-20. (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14341/probl201258516-20
15. Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R, et al. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(10):3561-3569. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-1413
16. Silverberg SJ, Clarke BL, Peacock M, et al. Current issues in the presentation of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(10):3580-3594. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-1415
17. Walsh J, Gittoes N, Selby P. Society for Endocrinology endocrine emergency guidance: emergency management of acute hypercalcaemia in adult patients. Endocrine Connections. 2016;5(5):G9-G11. doi: 10.1530/ec-16-0055
18. Bilezikian JP, Potts JT, Fuleihan GE-H, et al. Summary statement from a workshop on asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: a perspective for the 21st Century. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2002;87(12):5353-5361. doi: 10.1210/jc.2002-021370
19. Silverberg SJ, Shane E, Jacobs TP, et al. A 10-Year prospective study of primary hyperparathyroidism with or without parathyroid surgery. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(17):1249-1255. doi: 10.1056/nejm199910213411701
20. Vestergaard P, Mollerup CL, Frøkjær VG, et al. Cardiovascular events before and after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg. 2003;27(2):216-222. doi: 10.1007/s00268-002-6541-z
21. Вороненко И.В. Состояние сердечно-сосудистой системы у женщин с первичным гиперпаратиреозом и динамика выявленных нарушений при лечении основного заболевания: Дис. ... канд. мед. наук. — М. 2009. — C.114. [Voronenko IV. Status of the cardiovascular system in women with primary hyperparathyroidism and dynamics of violations in the treatment of the underlying disease: Dissertation. Moscow. 2009;114. (In Russ.)].
22. Richards ML, Thompson NW. Diabetes mellitus with hyperparathyroidism: Another indication for parathyroidectomy? Surgery. 1999;126(6):1160-1166. doi: 10.1067/msy.2099.101436
23. Procopio M, Borretta G. Derangement of glucose metabolism in hyperparathyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest. 2014;26(11):1136-1142. doi: 10.1007/bf03345264
24. Priya G, Jyotsna VP, Gupta N, et al. Clinical and laboratory profile of primary hyperparathyroidism in India. Postgrad Med J. 2008;84(987):34-39. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.2007.062653
25. Dickerson RN, Alexander KH, Minard G, et al. Accuracy of methods to estimate ionized and “corrected” serum calcium concentrations in critically ill multiple trauma patients receiving specialized nutrition support. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2004;28(3):133-141.
26. Skugor M, Gupta M, Navaneethan SD. Evolution of current state of assays for measuring parathyroid hormone. Biochemia Medica. 2010;221-228. doi: 10.11613/bm.2010.027
27. Cole DEC, Webb S, Chan P-C. Update on parathyroid hormone: New tests and new challenges for external quality assessment. Clin Biochem. 2007;40(9-10):585-590. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.03.019
28. Souberbielle J-CP, Roth H, Fouque DP. Parathyroid hormone measurement in CKD. Kidney Int. 2010;77(2):93-100. doi: 10.1038/ki.2009.374
29. Cavalier E, Plebani M, Delanaye P, Souberbielle JC. Considerations in parathyroid hormone testing. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2015;53(12):1913-1919. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2015-0314
30. Boudou P, Ibrahim F, Cormier C, et al. Third- or second-generation parathyroid hormone assays: a remaining debate in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2005;90(12):6370-6372. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-0715
31. Carroll MF, Schade DS. A practical approach to hypercalcemia. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67(9):1959-1966.
32. Rolighed L, Rejnmark L, Sikjaer T, et al. Vitamin D treatment in primary hyperparathyroidism: a randomized placebo controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(3):1072-1080. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-3978
33. Клинические рекомендации. Дефицит витамина D у взрослых: диагностика, лечение и профилактика. Москва. 2015. [Clinical guidelines. Vitamin D deficiency in adults: diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Moscow. 2015. (In Russ.)]. Available on: http://minzdrav.gov-murman.ru/documents/poryadki-okazaniya-meditsinskoy-pomoshchi/D%2019042014.pdf
34. Saliba W, Barnett O, Rennert HS, et al. The relationship between serum 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone levels. Am J Med. 2011;124(12):1165-1170. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.07.009
35. Heaney RP. The Vitamin D requirement in health and disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005;97(1-2):13-19. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.06.020
36. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266-281. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra070553
37. Grey A, Lucas J, Horne A, et al. Vitamin D repletion in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and coexistent vitamin D insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(4):2122-2126. doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-1772
38. Whitson BA, Broadie TA. Preoperative ultrasound and nuclear medicine studies improve the accuracy in localization of adenoma in hyperparathyroidism. Surg Today. 2008;38(3):222-226. doi: 10.1007/s00595-007-3612-7
39. Артемова А.М. Сравнительная оценка методов топической диагностики при первичном гиперпаратиреозе. Тезисы докладов Международного научного форума «Патология паращитовидных желез: современные подходы к диагностике и лечению». — Санкт-Петербург, 29—30 мая 2010 г. — С. 36-37 [Artemova AM. Sravnitel’naya otsenka metodov topicheskoy diagnostiki pri pervichnom giperparatireoze. Proceedings of the International Scientific Forum «Pathology of the parathyroid glands:. current approaches to diagnosis and treatment”. SPb. 29-30 May, 2010;36-37. (In Russ.)].
40. Johnson NA, Tublin ME, Ogilvie JB. Parathyroid imaging: technique and role in the preoperative evaluation of primary hyperparathyroidism. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(6):1706-1715. doi: 10.2214/AJR.06.0938
41. Civelek AC, Ozalp E, Donovan P, Udelsman R. Prospective evaluation of delayed technetium-99m sestamibi SPECT scintigraphy for preoperative localization of primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery.2002;131(2):149-157. doi: 10.1067/msy.2002.119817
42. Корнев А.И., Ветшев П.С. и др. Однофотонная эмиссионная компьютерная томография в диагностике и хирургическом лечении первичного гиперпаратиреоза. Материалы 16-го (ХVI) Российского симпозиума по хирургической эндокринологии. — Саранск. 2007. — С. 121-122. [Kornev AI, Vetshev PS, et al. Odnofotonnaya emissionnaya komp’yuternaya tomografiya v diagnostike i khirurgicheskom lechenii pervichnogo giperparatireoza. Proceedings of the 16th (XVI) Russian Symposium for surgery endocrinology. Saransk. 2007;121-122. (In Russ.)].
43. Паша C.П., Терновой С.К. Радионуклидная диагностика. — Москва: ГЭОТАР-Медиа. 2008. — С. 208. [Pasha CP, Ternovoy SK. Radionuclide Diagnostics. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media. 2008;208. (In Russ.)].
44. Eslamy HK, Ziessman HA. Parathyroid scintigraphy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: 99mTc sestamibi SPECT and SPECT/CT. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1461-1476. doi: 10.1148/rg.285075055
45. Nguyen BD. Parathyroid imaging with Tc-99m sestamibi planar and SPECT scintigraphy. Radiographics. 1999;19(3):601-614; discussion 615-606. doi: 10.1148/radiographics.19.3.g99ma10601
46. Takagi H, Tominaga Y, Uchida K, et al. Subtotal versus total parathyroidectomy with forearm autograft for secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. Ann Surg. 1984;200(1):18-23. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198407000-00003
47. Lavely WC, Goetze S, Friedman KP, et al. Comparison of SPECT/CT, SPECT, and planar imaging with single- and dual-phase 99mTc-sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 2007;48(7):1084-1089. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.107.040428
48. Kaji H, Nomura R, Yamauchi M, et al. The usefulness of bone metabolic indices for the prediction of changes in bone mineral density after parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Horm Metab Res. 2006;38(6):411-416. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-944533
49. Stilgren LS, Rettmer E, Eriksen EF, et al. Skeletal changes in osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappab ligand mRNA levels in primary hyperparathyroidism: effect of parathyroidectomy and association with bone metabolism. Bone. 2004;35(1):256-265. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.03.012
50. Khosla S, Melton LJ3rd, Wermers RA, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism and the risk of fracture: a population-based study. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14(10):1700-1707. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.10.1700
51. Vestergaard P. Cohort study of risk of fracture before and after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. BMJ. 2000;321(7261):598-602. doi: 10.1136/bmj.321.7261.598
52. Larsson K, Ljunghall S, Krusemo UB, et al. The risk of hip fractures in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: a population-based cohort study with a follow-up of 19 years. J Intern Med. 1993;234(6):585-593. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1993.tb01017.x
53. Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P, Mosekilde L. Nephrolithiasis and renal calcifications in primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2011;96(8):2377-2385. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-0569
54. Bouzidi H, de Brauwere D, Daudon M. Does urinary stone composition and morphology help for prediction of primary hyperparathyroidism? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(2):565-572. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq433
55. Yamashita H, Noguchi S, Uchino S, et al. Influence of renal function on clinico-pathological features of primary hyperparathyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;148(6):597-602. doi: 10.1530/eje.0.1480597
56. Tassone F, Gianotti L, Emmolo I, et al. Glomerular filtration rate and parathyroid hormone secretion in primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(11):4458-4461. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-0587
57. Дедов И.И., Рожинская Л.Я., Мокрышева Н.Г., Васильева Т.О. Этиология, патогенез, клиническая картина, диагностика и лечение первичного гиперпаратиреоза // Остеопороз и остеопатии. — 2010. — №1. — C. 13-18. [Dedov II, Rozhinskaya LY, Mokrysheva NG, Vasilyeva ТО. Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostics and treatment of the primary hyperparathyroidism. Osteoporosis and osteopathy. 2010;(1):13-18. (In Russ.)].
58. Dowthwaite SA, Young JE, Pasternak JD, Yoo J. Surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Densitom. 2013;16(1):48-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2012.11.006
59. Lambert LA, Shapiro SE, Lee JE, et al. Surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Arch Surg. 2005;140(4):374. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.140.4.374
60. Carty SE, Worsey MJ, Virji MA, et al. Concise parathyroidectomy: The impact of preoperative SPECT 99mTc sestamibi scanning and intraoperative quick parathormone assay. Surgery.1997;122(6):1107-1116. doi: 10.1016/s0039-6060(97)90215-4
61. Monchik JM, Barellini L, Langer P, Kahya A. Minimally invasive parathyroid surgery in 103 patients with local/regional anesthesia, without exclusion criteria. Surgery. 2002;131(5):502-508. doi: 10.1067/msy.2002.123853
62. Udelsman R. Six hundred fifty-six consecutive explorations for primary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Surg. 2002;235(5):665-670; discussion 670-662. PMC1422492
63. Udelsman R, Pasieka JL, Sturgeon C, et al. Surgery for asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: proceedings of the third international workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(2):366-372. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-1761
64. Кузнецов Н.С., Ким И.В., Кузнецов С.Н. Интраоперационное определение паратгормона в стратегии хирургического лечения первичного гиперпаратиреоза // Эндокринная хирургия. — 2011. — Т. 5. — № 2. — C. 18-25. [Kuznetsov NS, Kim IV, Kuznetsov SN. Intraoperative parathyroid hormone in strategy of surgical treatment of a primary hyperparathyreosis. Endocrine Surgery. 2011;5(2):18-25. (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14341/2306-3513-2011-2-18-25
65. Witteveen JE, van Thiel S, Romijn JA, Hamdy NA. Hungry bone syndrome: still a challenge in the post-operative management of primary hyperparathyroidism: a systematic review of the literature. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;168(3):R45-R53. doi: 10.1530/EJE-12-0528
66. Bollerslev J, Rejnmark L, Marcocci C, et al. European society of endocrinology clinical guideline: treatment of chronic hypoparathyroidism in adults. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;173(2):G1-G20. doi: 10.1530/EJE-15-0628
67. Lee IT, Sheu WH, Tu ST, et al. Bisphosphonate pretreatment attenuates hungry bone syndrome postoperatively in subjects with primary hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Metab. 2006;24(3):255-258. doi: 10.1007/s00774-005-0680-x
68. Kristoffersson A, Backman C, Granqvist K, JÄRhult J. Pre- and postoperative evaluation of renal function with five different tests in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. J Intern Med. 1990;227(5):317-324. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00166.x
69. Weber T, Keller M, Hense I, et al. Effect of parathyroidectomy on quality of life and neuropsychological symptoms in primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg. 2007;31(6):1204-1211. doi: 10.1007/s00268-007-9006-6
70. Lowe H, McMahon DJ, Rubin MR, et al. Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism: further characterization of a new clinical phenotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(8):3001-3005. doi: 10.1210/jc.2006-2802
71. Silverberg SJ, Bilezikian JP. «Incipient» primary hyperparathyroidism: a «forme fruste» of an old disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(11):5348-5352. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-031014
72. Rossini M, Gatti D, Isaia G, et al. Effects of oral alendronate in elderly patients with osteoporosis and mild primary hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(1):113-119. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.1.113
73. Khan AA, Bilezikian JP, Kung AW, et al. Alendronate in primary hyperparathyroidism: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(7):3319-3325. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-030908
74. Jumpertz von Schwartzenberg R, Elbelt U, Ventz M, et al. Palliative treatment of uncontrollable hypercalcemia due to parathyrotoxicosis: denosumab as rescue therapy. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2015;2015:150082. doi: 10.1530/EDM-15-0082
75. Peacock M, Bilezikian JP, Klassen PS, et al. Cinacalcet hydrochloride maintains long-term normocalcemia in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(1):135-141. doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-0842
76. Peacock M, Bolognese MA, Borofsky M, et al. Cinacalcet treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism: biochemical and bone densitometric outcomes in a five-year study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(12):4860-4867. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-1472
77. Marcocci C, Chanson P, Shoback D, et al. Cinacalcet reduces serum calcium concentrations in patients with intractable primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(8):2766-2772. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-2640
78. Silverberg SJ, Rubin MR, Faiman C, et al. Cinacalcet hydrochloride reduces the serum calcium concentration in inoperable parathyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(10):3803-3808. doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-0585
79. Schwarz P, Body JJ, Cap J, et al. The PRIMARA study: a prospective, descriptive, observational study to review cinacalcet use in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism in clinical practice. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;171(6):727-735. doi: 10.1530/EJE-14-0355
80. Khan A, Bilezikian J, Bone H, et al. Cinacalcet normalizes serum calcium in a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled study in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism with contraindications to surgery. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172(5):527-535. doi: 10.1530/EJE-14-0877
81. Basso MMS, Lumachi F, Nascimben F, et al. Treatment of acute hypercalcemia. Medicinal Chemistry. 2012;8(4):564-568. doi: 10.2174/157340612801216382
82. Ziegler R. Hypercalcemic crisis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12(suppl 1):S3-S9.
83. Carroll MF, Schade DS. A practical approach to hypercalcemia. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67(9):1959-1966.
84. Hu MI, Glezerman I, Leboulleux S, et al. Denosumab for patients with persistent or relapsed hypercalcemia of malignancy despite recent bisphosphonate treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105(18):1417-1420. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djt225
85. Boikos SA, Hammers HJ. Denosumab for the treatment of bisphosphonate-refractory hypercalcemia. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(29):e299. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.41.7923
86. Vellanki P, Lange K, Elaraj D, et al. Denosumab for management of parathyroid carcinoma-mediated hypercalcemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(2):387-390. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-3031
87. Abdelhadi M, Nordenstrom J. Bone mineral recovery after parathyroidectomy in patients with primary and renal hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(11):3845-3851. doi: 10.1210/jcem.83.11.5249
88. Nakaoka D, Sugimoto T, Kobayashi T, et al. Evaluation of changes in bone density and biochemical parameters after parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr J. 2000;47(3):231-237. doi: 10.1507/endocrj.47.231
89. VanderWalde LH. The effect of parathyroidectomy on bone fracture risk in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Arch Surg. 2006;141(9):885. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.141.9.885
90. Brandi ML, Gagel RF, Angeli A, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of MEN type 1 and type 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(12):5658-5671. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.12.8070
91. Thakker RV, Newey PJ, Walls GV, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(9):2990-3011. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-1230
92. Рожинская Л.Я., Ростомян Л.Г., Тюльпаков А.Н. Аденомы гипофиза и синдром множественных неоплазий 1 типа. В кн.: Клиническая нейроэндокринология / Под ред. Дедова И.И. — М.: УП Принт. 2011. [Rozhinskaya LY, Rostomyan LG, Tyulpakov AN. Pituitary adenomas and type 1 multiple neoplasia syndrome. In: Clinical neuroendocrinology. Ed by Dedov I.I. Moscow: UP Print. 2011. (In Russ.)].
93. Lambert LA. Surgical Treatment of Hyperparathyroidism in Patients With Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1. Arch Surg. 2005;140(4):374. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.140.4.374
94. Norton JA, Venzon DJ, Berna MJ, et al. Prospective study of surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1 and Zollinger—Ellison syndrome. Ann Surg. 2008;247(3):501-510. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31815efda5
95. Schreinemakers JMJ, Pieterman CRC, Scholten A, et al. The optimal surgical treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism in MEN1 patients: a systematic review. World J Surg. 2011;35(9):1993-2005. doi: 10.1007/s00268-011-1068-9
96. Waldmann J, López CL, Langer P, et al. Surgery for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1-associated primary hyperparathyroidism. Br J Surg. 2010;97(10):1528-1534. doi: 10.1002/bjs.7154
97. Tonelli F, Marcucci T, Fratini G, et al. Is total parathyroidectomy the treatment of choice for hyperparathyroidism in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1? Ann Surg. 2007;246(6):1075-1082. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31811f4467
98. Tonelli F, Marcucci T, Giudici F, et al. Surgical approach in hereditary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr J. 2009;56(7):827-841. doi: 10.1507/endocrj.K09E-204
99. Kloos RT, Eng C, Evans DB, et al. Medullary thyroid cancer: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid. 2009;19(6):565-612. doi: 10.1089/thy.2008.0403
100. Carpten JD, Robbins CM, Villablanca A, et al. HRPT2, encoding parafibromin, is mutated in hyperparathyroidism—jaw tumor syndrome. Nat Genet. 2002;32(4):676-680. doi: 10.1038/ng1048
101. Newey PJ, Bowl MR, Thakker RV. Parafibromin — functional insights. J Intern Med. 2009;266(1):84-98. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02107.x
102. Iacobone M, Carnaille B, Palazzo FF, Vriens M. Hereditary hyperparathyroidism-— a consensus report of the European Society of Endocrine Surgeons (ESES). Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2015;400(8):867-886. doi: 10.1007/s00423-015-1342-7
103. Lee M, Pellegata NS. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4. Front Horm Res. 2013;41:63-78. doi: 10.1159/000345670
104. Carling T, Szabo E, Bai M, et al. Familial hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria caused by a novel mutation in the cytoplasmic tail of the calcium receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(5):2042-2047. doi: 10.1210/jcem.85.5.6477
105. Warner J, Epstein M, Sweet A, et al. Genetic testing in familial isolated hyperparathyroidism: unexpected results and their implications. J Med Genet. 2004;41(3):155-160.
106. doi:10.1136/jmg.2003.016725
107. Obara T, Okamoto T, Kanbe M, Iihara M. Functioning parathyroid carcinoma: clinicopathologic features and rational treatment. Semin Surg Oncol. 1997;13(2):134-141. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2388(199703/04)13:2<134::AID-SSU9> 3.0.CO;2-A
108. Sharretts JM, Kebebew E, Simonds WF. Parathyroid cancer. Semin Oncol. 2010;37(6):580-590. doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2010.10.013
109. Mittendorf EA, McHenry CR. Parathyroid carcinoma. J Surg Oncol. 2005;89(3):136-142. doi: 10.1002/jso.20182
110. Nakamura Y, Kataoka H, Sakoda T, et al. Nonfunctional parathyroid carcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol. 2010;15(5):500-503. doi: 10.1007/s10147-010-0062-9
111. Lee JE. Predicting the presence of parathyroid carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2005;12(7):513-514. doi: 10.1245/ASO.2005.03.904
112. Rao SR, Shaha AR, Singh B, et al. Management of cancer of the parathyroid. Acta Otolaryngol. 2002;122(4):448-452. doi: 10.1080/00016480260000184
113. Pasieka JL, Khalil M. Parathyroid Carcinoma. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2012;537-554. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-23459-0_38
114. Poeppel TD, Krause BJ, Heusner TA, et al. PET/CT for the staging and follow-up of patients with malignancies. Eur J Radiol. 2009;70(3):382-392. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.03.051
115. Tamler R, Lewis MS, LiVolsi VA, Genden EM. Parathyroid carcinoma: ultrasonographic and histologic features. Thyroid. 2005;15(7):744-745. doi: 10.1089/thy.2005.15.744
116. Sidhu PS, Talat N, Patel P, et al. Ultrasound features of malignancy in the preoperative diagnosis of parathyroid cancer: a retrospective analysis of parathyroid tumours larger than 15 mm. Eur Radiol. 2011;21(9):1865-1873. doi: 10.1007/s00330-011-2141-3
117. Mohebati A, Shaha A, Shah J. Parathyroid carcinoma: challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2012;26(6):1221-1238. doi: 10.1016/j.hoc.2012.08.009
118. Kassahun WT, Jonas S. Focus on parathyroid carcinoma. Int J Surg. 2011;9(1):13-19. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.09.003
119. Lee PK, Jarosek SL, Virnig BA, et al. Trends in the incidence and treatment of parathyroid cancer in the United States. Cancer. 2007;109(9):1736-1741. doi: 10.1002/cncr.22599
120. Givi B, Shah JP. Parathyroid carcinoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2010;22(6):498-507. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2010.04.007
121. Schantz A, Castleman B. Parathyroid carcinoma. A study of 70 cases. Cancer. 1973;31(3):600-605.
122. Clayman GL, Gonzalez HE, El-Naggar A, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R. Parathyroid carcinoma: evaluation and interdisciplinary management. Cancer. 2004;100(5):900-905. doi: 10.1002/cncr.20089
123. Oertli D, Udelsman R, editors. Surgery of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, 3rd edn. Berlin—Heidelberg: Springer. 2007;311-327.
124. Tan MH, Morrison C, Wang P, et al. Loss of parafibromin immunoreactivity is a distinguishing feature of parathyroid carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(19):6629-6637. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0493
125. Thompson SD, Prichard AJ. The management of parathyroid carcinoma. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;12(2):93-97.
126. Busaidy NL, Jimenez C, Habra MA, et al. Parathyroid carcinoma: a 22-year experience. Head Neck. 2004;26(8):716-726. doi: 10.1002/hed.20049
127. Munson ND, Foote RL, Northcutt RC, et al. Parathyroid carcinoma: is there a role for adjuvant radiation therapy? Cancer. 2003;98(11):2378-2384. doi: 10.1002/cncr.11819
128. Karuppiah D, Thanabalasingham G, Shine B, et al. Refractory hypercalcaemia secondary to parathyroid carcinoma: response to high-dose denosumab. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;171(1):K1-5. doi: 10.1530/EJE-14-0166
129. Shane E. Clinical review 122: Parathyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(2):485-493. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.2.7207
130. Schnatz PF, Curry SL. Primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy: evidence-based management. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2002;57(6):365-376. doi: 10.1097/01.OGX.0000017377.65823.CA
131. Norman J, Politz D, Politz L. Hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy and the effect of rising calcium on pregnancy loss: a call for earlier intervention. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009;71(1):104-109. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03495.x
132. Diaz-Soto G, Linglart A, Senat MV, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy. Endocrine. 2013;44(3):591-597. doi: 10.1007/s12020-013-9980-4
133. Hong MK, Hsieh CT, Chen BH, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism and acute pancreatitis during the third trimester of pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Med. 2001;10(3):214-218.
134. Malekar-Raikar S, Sinnott BP. Primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy — a rare cause of life-threatening hypercalcemia: case report and literature review. Case Rep Endocrinol. 2011;2011:520516. doi: 10.1155/2011/520516
135. Ip P. Neonatal convulsion revealing maternal hyperparathyroidism: an unusual case of late neonatal hypoparathyroidism. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2003;268(3):227-229. doi: 10.1007/s00404-002-0316-5
136. Shangold MM, Dor N, Welt SI, et al. Hyperparathyroidism and pregnancy: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1982;37(4):217-228.
137. Schnatz PF, Thaxton S. Parathyroidectomy in the third trimester of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv.2005;60(10):672-682.
138. Levy S, Fayez I, Taguchi N, et al. Pregnancy outcome following in utero exposure to bisphosphonates. Bone. 2009;44(3):428-430. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.11.001
139. Horjus C, Groot I, Telting D, et al. Cinacalcet for hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy and puerperium. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2009;22(8). doi: 10.1515/jpem.2009.22.8.741
Review
For citations:
Dedov I.I., Melnichenko G.A., Mokrysheva N.G., Rozhinskaya L.Y., Kusnezov N.S., Pigarova E.A., Eremkina A.K., Egshatyan L.V., Mamedova E.O., Krupinova J.A. Primary hyperparathyroidism: the clinical picture, diagnostics, differential diagnostics, and methods of treatment. Problems of Endocrinology. 2016;62(6):40-77.