Analysis of the cognitive processes and measurements of glycated hemoglobin in 133 preschool and schoolchildren with diabetes and in 90 age-matched healthy controls revealed poor compensation of the disease in 76%) patients and inefficiency of cognitive processes in 77%) patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. The efficacy of cognitive processes in diabetics was found to depend on disease duration and compensation.

Therapeutic efficacy of diets including texturated soybean products (TSP) is assessed in 30 inpatients with non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), followed up for 28 days. TSP were well tolerated and caused no side effects. Addition of TSP to the traditional diet no. 9 improved the efficacy of correction of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders in patients with NIDDM. Increased level of uric acid in the serum, observed during daily consumption of TSP for 2 weeks, requires monitoring of its levels in NIDDM patients with concomitant hyperuricaemia and gout.

В то же время полученные результаты не могут быть объяснены прямой зависимостью доза — эффект и требуется дополнительная работа по выделению всех возможных моделирующих факторов для разработки программ эффективного мониторинга и возможных профилактических мероприятий. The incidence of thyroid cancer in subjects exposed to radiation in childhood increased in the Bryansk, Kaluga, Tula and Orel regions of the Russian Federation which were exposed to the highest doses as a result of the Chernobyl accident. Retrospective and prospective verification of diagnoses of thyroid cancer is needed for obtaining quantitative characteristics of increases in the relative and absolute risk of the disease. Epidemiological analysis of verified cases of thyroid cancer in the Bryansk region showed that the relative risk of thyroid cancer increased in 1986-1997 at both exposed and relatively pure territories: 8.13 and 1.78, respectively (p<0.05). The relative risk is the highest in the group aged 0-4 years at the moment of the accident: 67.74 and 4.72, respectively (p<0.05).

On the other hand, these results cannot be explained by the direct dose-effect relationship, and further studies are needed to distinguish all probable modulating factors, in order to develop programs of effective monitoring and prophylactic measures.

The purpose of this study was to assess the function of peripheral blood erythrocytes in children with autoimmune thyroiditis and euthyrosis phase of diffuse toxic goiter. Reversible aggregation of erythrocytes was studied by photometry. Thyroid abnormalities increased reversible aggregation of erythrocytes. Thyroxin failed to normalize the microcirculation, and therefore a longer course of thyroxin therapy was needed.

The severity of iodine deficiency is for the first time assessed for the Krasnoyarsk region with consideration for the factors proposed by the WHO. The studies were carried out in three main climatic and geographic territories: Extreme North (beyond the Polar Circle), North, and Central region. The incidence of goiter is assessed from the data of palpations and ultrasonic findings; the median of ioduria and incidence of increased neonatal TTH values (over 5 mU/liter) are analyzed.

Total incidence of goiter according to findings of palpation and ultrasonic examination is 38 and 20.9%, respectively; the median of ioduria is 3.4 \ig/ml for the region, and increased TTH levels are revealed in 38.7% newborns in the region. These results indicate that the Krasnoyarsk region may be referred to territories with moderate iodine deficiency.

The indicators in Northern and Central regions correspond to medium severe iodine deficiency; it was impossible to define the endemic process in the region beyond the Polar Circle, where slight incidence of endemic goiter (8.3% according to ultrasonic examinations) was paralleled by moderate iodine insufficiency (ioduria median 3.9 \ig/ml) and high incidence (38.7%) of increased TTH values. These data do not necessitate obligatory prophylaxis, but should be taken account of in monitoring the efficacy of preventive measures and are interesting for understanding the causes augmenting the severity of iodine deficit.

A population of adult residents of the Stupino district in the Moscow region is examined. Urinary iodine excretion was measured, the thyroid examined by the ultrasonic method and by palpation, and serum TTH measured. Moderate decrease of iodine excretion with the urine (median iodine level in the urine was 91.7%) \ig/liter) indicates a slight iodine deficiency. Palpation revealed enlargement of the thyroid, which was confirmed by ultrasonic examination only in 25%) cases. The highest percentage of disagreements was observed only in first-degree enlargement, the least in third-degree enlargement according to О. V. Nikolaev ’s classification. As for the types of ultrasonic structure of the gland determined by the ratio of its linear parameters (flat, triangular, and cone-like), the highest percentage of disagreements was observed in cases with the flat structure, which is the most incident (77.3%)). Subclinical hypothyrosis was detected in 3%o subjects with iodine deficiency. Only 26%) residents of the examined region regularly consume iodinated salt with food.

Seventy-six case histories of patients operated on at Surgical Department of Endocrinology Research Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences in 1992-1993 were analyzed in order to evaluate the remote results of surgical treatment of diffuse toxic goiter (DTG) and potentialities of their predicting before surgery. The following factors were analyzed: age by the moment of disease manifestation, sex, initial doses of thyrostatics, duration of antithyroid therapy, thyroid function by the moment of operation, volume of the gland, indications for surgery, and scope of intervention. Thyroid function at different terms after surgical treatment was assessed by clinical data and levels of TTH and free T₄. Five years after operation for DTG, 26.6%) patients were in a state of euthyrosis, 68.2%) in hypothyrosis, and 5.2%) patients developed relapses. No relationships were detected between the size and function of the thyroid before surgery, presence of endocrine ophthalmopathy, and thyroid function in remote period after surgery. The risk of postoperative hypothyrosis in DTG is higher in patients treated with thyrostatics for a long time and in elderly subjects.

Activities of redox enzymes of peripheral blood leukocytes is studied in patients with postmenopausal osteopenia. Neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MP), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and lymphocyte succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and succinate.cytochrome C oxyreductase (SCOR) activities were measured by the cytochemical method. Densitometric examinations of 49 postmenopausal women without risk of secondary osteoporosis revealed osteoporosis in 15 (31%)) and osteopenia in 24 (49%)); in 10 (20%o) mineral compactness of bones was normal. AP and SDH activities were increased and SCOR and MP activities normal in patients with osteopenia. Changes in the activities of AL and SDH in subjects with different duration of the postmenopausal period indicate that the main factor affecting the activities of these enzymes was osteopenia but not the duration of postmenopause or age. Significant correlations between enzyme values and mineral compactness of the spine were the most numerous during the first three years of postmenopause, and therefore changes in leukocyte enzyme activities are apparently not caused by inflammations associated with chronic macroand microfractures of the vertebrae but by osteopenia. The detected specific correlation between enzyme activities and localization of the pathological process in certain segments of the skeleton permits us to propose that leukocyte AL and SDH values may serve as criteria for optimal choice of skeletal area for subsequent densitometry or x-ray examination.

Metabolic Syndrome ("Syndrome X") is one of the most difficult medical and social problems of our time. The widespread prevalence of the syndrome, its close relationship with lifestyle and the extremely high mortality rate from its consequences require the combined efforts of doctors of various specialties, as well as health authorities, in order to timely identify this syndrome and conduct full-scale preventive and therapeutic measures.

The effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on the pancreatic endocrine function is studied. NPY was injected to intact and diabetic rats for 10 days intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) in a dose of 10 ng or intraperitoneally (i.p.) in a dose of 2.5 pg daily. In intact animals, NPY caused an increase in insulin content in the islets, more pronounced after i.c.v. injection. The content of glucagon in а-cells increased after i.p. injection and decreased after i.c.v. injection. In diabetic animals, NPY inhibited the destruction of P-cells and increased the content of insulin in the islets, which was more pronounced after i.c.v. injection. The count of ck-cells in the islets dropped to the control level, while the level of glucagon remained decreased (more so after p. injection). The content of insulin in the blood increased and level of glycaemia decreased. The effects of NPY upon its peripheral administration may be explained by direct action on aand P-cells and upon central administration by modulation of hypothalamic hormone secretion and function of dorsal component of vagus nerve.

Effects of T-activin and a-tocopherol alone and together on lipid peroxidation (LPO) and carbohydrate metabolism are studied in rats with streptosotocin diabetes (male rats, n=102). Antioxidative activity of T-activin is compatible to that of a.-tocopherol. The antioxidative effect of combined therapy with both agents is more expressed than of monotherapy. T-activin normalized LPO and glycaemic values and increased blood plasma insulin level, which can be regarded as the onset of reparative regeneration of insulin-producing cells; v.-tocopherol did not notably increase the level of insulin or normalize blood glucose level. Thus, T-activin is characterized by a wider spectrum of therapeutic effects in experimental diabetes than a tocopherol.

In 1980, the WHO Expert Committee on Diabetes Mellitus (DM) proposed a new classification of diabetes. In it, impaired glucose tolerance (NTG) was identified as an independent clinical class. This was due to the following: diabetes, primarily non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM), as a rule, develops gradually, and several stages can be distinguished in its development [35, 55]. The first of them, according to many experts, is NTG.

70 years have passed since the birth of Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences and National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, laureate of the State Prize of the Ukrainian SSR, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of Ukraine, Professor Andrei Semenovich Efimov.