The study was undertaken to examine visual pathway function by psycho- and electrophysiological studies in patients with type 1 diabetes. Sixty-three patients (age 25±2.3 years) with moderate type 1 diabetes in a subcompensated state (mean HbA_1c 7.4±0.2%), including 32 patients without diabetic retinopathy (DR) and 31 patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy were examined. A control group consisted of 30 healthy individuals. The complex of diagnosis included critical flicker frequency test, retinal light and contrast sensitivity threshold tests, electroretmography (ERG), and studies of optic nerve lability and visual evoked potentials (VEP). A comprehensive study established functional visual pathway abnormalities that were undetectable on routine ophthalmologlcal examination. Lower ERG "a" wave amplitudes, higher latency, and reductions in the amplitude of VEP P₁₀₀ peak and in spatial contrast sensitivity for low frequencies were of the greatest value in the diagnosis of diabetic abnormalities of the visual pathway. Visual pathway lesions are detectable in patients with type 1 diabetes without DR. In the latter, these lesions are more pronounced.

Ninety patients (46 males and 44 females) were examined to study the relationship of the quality of type 1 diabetes melhtus (DM1) management to the clinical picture of the disease (CPD). The examination involved the psychological test "Disease attitudes" and physiobiochemical blood studies. The quality of DM1 management was ascertained to depend on CPD. Hyponosognosia predisposes to better disease compensation. There were high levels of glycemia and glycosylated hemoglobin in hypernosognostic attitudes leading to social dysadaptation. The metabolic control in patients with DM1 is associated with the course of the disease: the severer DM1 complications are, the greater difficulties are in managing the disease.

The purpose of the investigation was to study the plasma levels of homocysteine (HC) inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and its association with the development of diabetic angiopathies and some clinical and laboratory parameters. Among 92 patients with DM2, hyperhomocysteinemia (22.6±6.1 μmol/l) was detected in 53% (Group 1) whereas the level of HC was normal (11.3±2.7 μmol/l). The signs of macro- and microangiopathy (nephropathy, in particular) were more common In patients with elevated HC levels than in those with normal HC levels (70% versus 21%; p <0.001; 73% versus 26%; p = 0.008). The carbohydrate and lipid metabolic values and the type of sugar-reducing therapy did not affect the level of HC whereas a clear correlation was found between HC and glomerular filtration rate(GFR), albuminuria, age, and systolic blood pressure. Thus, elevated plasma HC levels in patients with DM2 are associated with the high risk of vascular events and with renal functional parameters (GFR, albuminuria).

The aim of the investigation was to determine the major components of body mass in obese children. Two hundred and thirty-four children aged 8-16 years, including 181 healthy children and 53 obese children, were examined. The components of body mass in obese children were comparatively analyzed, by taking into account gender, age, and the disease seventy, which Indicated that the adipose tissue was the major component of the body, greatly dominating over muscular and bony components with its increase in progressive disease (up to 280 and 448% of the normal values in second- and third-degree obesity, respectively). The absolute content of fat as the body's major component in overweight children has no great gender differences. In children, obesity progression is accompanied by a statistically significant reduction in absolute body mass and in the proportion of an osseal component in younger age (8-10 years) groups.

The article presents an analysis of qualitative studies of the level of awareness, attitudes to the problem and the actions of consumers of fertile age in Russia, Belarus and Turkmenistan on the prevention of iodine deficiency diseases (IDD), conducted by the author in 1999-2004. at the initiative of the ministries of health of these states and representative offices of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).
The aim of the study was to develop a communication campaign strategy for mass iodine prophylaxis in these countries.

The aim of the investigation was to examine the markers of tumor progression in pituitary adenomas in acromegalic patients and to study their relationship to the poor postoperative predictive factors. Case histories were analyzed in 39 arcomegalic patients undergone transphenoidal adenomectomy as the method of choice at the Endocrinology Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. The immunohistochemical technique was used to explore Ki-67, CD31, and galectin-3 in the cells of removed adenomas. Young age, high postoperative growth hormone (GH) levels, a large adenoma, and signs of its paracellular dissemination were poor postoperative predictors. Ki-67 was present In 9 (23%) of the 39 patients, CD31 in 16 (31%), galectin-3 in 11 (28%), and prolactin in 9 (23%). The preoperative GH levels were significantly higher in patients with positive immunostaining for the potential malignancy marker galectin3 and the angiogenetic marker CD31. The cell proliferation marker Ki-67 was present only in adenomas positive for prolactin. Positive immunostaining for Ki-67 and prolactin correlated with large adenoma sizes and intracavernous extension.

Leptin used in the doses comparable with the concentrations of the hormone in the first and second-third trimesters of pregnancy (10 and 35 ng/ml, respectively) was tested for effects on monocytic oxidative and phagocytic activities in vitro in women in different phases of a menstrual cycle. The hormone used in the test doses was found to inhibit the baseline monocytic production of active oxygen forms, when given in a high dose (35 ng/ml) it lowered the activity of secretory myeloperoxidase irrespective of the phase of a menstrual cycle. In the follicular phase of a menstrual cycle, leptin suppressed phagocytic activity when used in a low dose (10 ng/ ml) and reduced the monocytic production of active oxygen forms when used in the high dose in the induced luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LDC). In the luteinlc phase, Leptin (10 and 35 ng/ml) exerted a stimulating effect on monocytic phagocytosis, but substantially decreased the extracellular production of active oxygen metabolites in LDC. Thus, leptin given in the doses comparable with the concentrations of the hormone in the first and second-third trimesters of pregnancy heterodirectionally modulates the oxidative and phagocytic activities of peripheral blood monocytes in fertile females in relation to the phase of a menstrual cycle.

The study was undertaken to provide evidence that the salivary concentration of free testosterone (FT) well correlates with the serum level of unbound testosterone in men. Recent articles demonstrate that the results obtained by the use of especially automatic systems are incorrect. Anew luminescence enzyme immunoassay has been now put into practice. Its high analytical (6.2 pmol/l) and functional (17.3 pmol/l) sensitivities allow the quantification of minor salivary concentrations. In healthy males, the morning salivary concentration was 369 pl/lmo (median) with a range of 263-544 pmol/l, which is statistically higher than that in males with androgen deficiency (215 pl/lmol/I (median) with a range of 51-249 pmol/l. Once-weekly remeasurement of salivary FT during 5 weeks showed the high stability of results over time with a variation coefficient of 9% (range 5-23%). The study indicated that FT in the morning salivary sample well correlates with the calculated FR in the blood of both healthy males (R = 0.754; p = 0.001) and patients with androgen deficiency (R = 0.889; p = 0.0001).

To achieve glycemic targets, as the main preventive measure for vascular complications, patients with type 1 diabetes need lifelong administration of insulin in a regimen that allows them to have euglycemia both before and after eating. For this, optimal insulin therapy regimens have been created, which necessarily include short-acting insulin (with the main meal) and medium or long-acting insulin as basal. This mode of administration allows you to maximize bring the daily fluctuations of insulin administered to the natural rhythm of insulin secretion in healthy people.

We present a clinical example of a differential diagnostic search for the causes of thyrotoxicosis in a patient with previous hypothyroidism.

In recent years, thanks to the introduction of in vitro fertilization method in clinical practice, the possibility of having children with Turner syndrome has increased significantly. Due to pronounced congenital hypogonadism, pregnancy, and especially delivery, in these patients can only be against the background of correct and timely hormone replacement therapy, which creates the conditions for the maturation of an artificially created fertilized ovum implanted in the uterus. Management of such patients before delivery requires a detailed selection of adequate therapy, which leads to gestation and even makes it possible to breastfeed a child. We give the medical history of one of our patient.

Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes (APS 1 and 2 types) are the primary defeat of the autoimmune process of two or more peripheral endocrine glands, usually leading to their functional failure and often combined with various
the genogenic (Mendelian) nature of inheritance, when the autoimmune process in the endocrine and non-endocrine organs is caused by a mutation of a single AIRE gene (autoimmune regulator). Earlier, we published a case report of type 1 APS in a patient of 8 years old. Now she is 10 years. 1.5 years after the illness of this girl, a similar diagnosis was made to her twin sister. We believe that information about the characteristics of the disease in the twin sisters will make a certain contribution to the creatures.

Experiments on male Swiss mice studied the effect of chorionic gonadotropin (CG) on the phagocytic activity of peripheral blood leukocytes and peritoneal macrophages, by taking into account the stages of formation of a humoral immune response. The administration of CG was found to stimulate the splenic production of antibody-forming cells (AFC) and to elevate the serum level of endogenous progesterone (Pr) in the mice. Irrespective of the dose, CG suppressed the phagocytic activity of peripheral blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages in the in vitro system. Evaluation of the effect of CG on the phagocytic activity of leukocytes and macrophages revealed no statistically significant changes in nonimmunized animals. Whatever the dose was, CG, however, enhanced the phagocytic activity of neutrophils and macrophages at the peak of formation of a humoral immune response. A correlation was established between the phagocytic activity of leukocytes and the elevated level of Pr. The findings indicate that despite the intrinsic phygocyte-depressive effect of CG, its induced Pr synthesis can activate phagocytes only during immunization. Hormone-dependent activation of phagocytes of peripheral blood and peritoneal cavity can be one of the mechanisms responsible for fetal protection from possible pathogens, by determining the high level of the natural immunity system as a whole.

The social significance of osteoporosis (OP) is determined by its consequences - fractures of the vertebral bodies and tubular bones. The most serious complication of OP is a fracture of the proximal femur, with which the highest rates of mortality, disability and medical and social costs are associated than with other osteoporetic fractures combined.

In 2005, a new drug appeared on the Russia for the treatment of women with OP in the postmenopausal period and for the prevention of peripheral and vertebral fractures - strontium ranelate (bivalos), which simultaneously reduces bone resorption and stimulates bone formation.

To date, we have a huge data on problems of prevention and treatment of late complications of diabetes, which largely determine the duration and quality of life of patients. One of the most serious complications is diabetic foot syndrome - a complex of pathological changes in the peripheral nervous system, arterial and microvasculature, which pose a direct threat to the development of ulcerative necrotic processes and gangrene of the foot.